The 2009 edition of IS 3951 Part 2 establishes specifications for structural hollow clay tiles intended for flooring and roofing applications. It details parameters such as quality, dimensional standards, density, water absorption, and compressive strength, serving as a guideline for manufacturers, engineers, and construction professionals to ensure consistent performance and durability in building structures.
Overview
The 2009 edition of IS 3951 Part 2 establishes specifications for structural hollow clay tiles intended for flooring and roofing applications. It details parameters such as quality, dimensional standards, density, water absorption, and compressive strength, serving as a guideline for manufacturers, engineers, and construction professionals to ensure consistent performance and durability in building structures.
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IS 3951 Part 2: 2009 outlines specific test methodologies for structural hollow clay tiles, emphasizing dimensional accuracy, material properties, and testing compliance. All numerical data should be rounded following IS 2:1960 guidelines to maintain consistency. The section references several related standards, and users must ensure the latest editions are followed for conformity.
Details include specimen preparation for compressive strength tests, water absorption test procedures, and adherence to relevant BIS codes. For example, specimens are crushed between plywood sheets under controlled loading rates, and water absorption tests involve drying tiles to constant mass, soaking at specified temperatures, and precise weighing protocols.
Terminology used in IS 3951 Part 2 aligns with IS 2248, defining terms such as slump, compaction factor, and workability. Rounding off of test results must comply with IS 2:1960 to preserve required significant figures.
This section mandates rounding rules for all measured or calculated values as per IS 2:1960. It elaborates on the rounding approach depending on the digits dropped, ensuring precision and uniform reporting across testing outcomes.
Standard tile dimensions include lengths of 290 mm and 390 mm, widths between 90 mm to 190 mm in 50 mm increments, and heights from 125 mm to 200 mm in 25 mm steps. Tolerances are ±5% for length and width, and ±3% for height. Angular deviations are limited to 3 mm per 300 mm measured with a builder’s square, ensuring proper fitment.
Structural hollow clay tiles must exhibit bulk density values ranging from 900 to 1200 kg/m³. The procedure involves drying specimens at 110°C, measuring dry weight and volume (excluding grooves), and calculating density with an accuracy of 0.1 kg/m³.
Tiles must have a minimum individual compressive strength of 180 kg/cm² and an average strength of at least 200 kg/cm² based on net cross-sectional area. Testing follows procedures outlined in Annex A, including drying, dimension measurement, and load application until failure.
Water absorption should not exceed 15% by weight, or 10% if specified by the purchaser. Testing requires drying at 110–115°C to constant mass, soaking in water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours, and weighing soaked specimens promptly to calculate absorption percentage.
Sampling mandates selecting 25 tiles at random for every 2,500 tiles or fraction thereof in a batch, with a minimum of 25 samples per lot. This ensures statistically meaningful quality assessments per Clauses 4 through 7.
Each tile must be permanently marked with the manufacturer’s identity, tile type (marked 'Structural' or 'S' for filler tiles), and batch or control number. Tiles licensed by BIS may bear the Standard Mark following the BIS Act, 1986, ensuring traceability and regulatory compliance.
Specimens are dried to constant weight at 110°C, their bulk density calculated, and compressive strength tested on the net cross-sectional area. The average and individual results must meet specified minimums to comply with IS 3951 Part 2.
This procedure involves drying samples to constant mass, soaking in water at controlled temperature for 24 hours, and weighing wet specimens to calculate water absorption percentage, ensuring tiles meet durability standards.
The Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee (CED 30) comprises representatives from industry, research institutes, government departments, and BIS officials. The committee is chaired by Dr. J. M. Bhatnagar and is responsible for the development and revision of the standard.
Frequently Asked
As per IS 3951 Part 2 (2009), structural hollow clay tiles typically have lengths between 300 mm and 400 mm, widths ranging from 150 mm to 200 mm, and thicknesses from 100 mm to 150 mm. The permissible tolerance is ±3 mm for length and width, and ±2 mm for thickness to guarantee consistent sizing and proper installation. Additionally, tiles must comply with specified criteria for bulk density, water absorption, and compressive strength to ensure performance.
The standard requires that individual tiles possess a minimum compressive strength of 180 kg/cm², while the average compressive strength of a tested sample should not be less than 200 kg/cm². Testing protocols as outlined in Annex A must be followed to verify these values, ensuring tiles have adequate load-bearing capacity for structural applications.
Water absorption testing involves selecting at least six randomly chosen tiles, drying them at 110–115°C until constant weight, soaking them in water maintained at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours, then weighing them promptly after removing surface moisture. The water absorption percentage is calculated by comparing the soaked and dry weights. The standard limits maximum water absorption to 15% by weight, with an optional stricter limit of 10% if specified by the purchaser.
Yes, IS 3951 Part 2 allows the inclusion of fly ash (including pulverized coal ash variants) and crushed stone sand dust as additives in the clay mixture, provided they are used in appropriate proportions that do not compromise tile quality. The resulting tiles must remain free of defects such as cracks or harmful inclusions and meet all strength and absorption requirements.
Each tile must be indelibly marked with the manufacturer’s identification, the tile type designation ('Structural' or 'S' for filler tiles), and the batch or control unit number to ensure traceability. Manufacturers licensed by the Bureau of Indian Standards may affix the BIS Standard Mark in accordance with the BIS Act, 1986, confirming compliance with the applicable standards.
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