Code of practice for design and construction of port and harbour structures, Part 1: Concrete monoliths

IS 7314 Scope Summary:

• Scope: Defines terminology related to port and harbour engineering, focusing on international coordination and relevance to Indian practices.
• Key Definition:
  • Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738): The reach of a river or waterway influenced by tidal phenomena.
• Purpose: Standardizes terms for uniformity in design, construction, and maintenance of port and harbour structures.
• Reference Sources: Includes authoritative texts such as Cornick's Dock and Harbour Engineering and US Army Coastal Engineering publications.
• Applicability: Useful for engineers involved in coastal, tidal, and harbour infrastructure projects.

Key Points for Scope in IS 7314:

Typical Application Flow in Port Engineering (Conceptual):

flowchart TD
    A[Identify Site Conditions] --> B[Assess Tidal Influence]
    B --> C[Define Zone Tidal Extent]
    C --> D[Apply Standard Terminology (IS 7314)]
    D --> E[Design Port/Harbour Structures]
    E --> F[Construction & Maintenance]

For detailed formulas or tables, refer to specific IS codes related to structural design of marine structures (e.g., IS 4651 for port structures). IS 7314 primarily provides standardized definitions and scope rather than design formulas.

IS 7314: Terminology and Definitions (Port & Harbour Engineering)

This standard provides a comprehensive glossary of terms related to port and harbour engineering, essential for uniform understanding.

Key Highlights:

• Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738):
  Definition: The reach of a river or waterway where tidal phenomena are observed.

• The glossary compiles terms from authoritative sources including:

  • Cornick's Dock and Harbour Engineering
  • US Army Coastal Engineering Research Centre's glossary
  • International Marine Dictionary by Rene de Kerchove

Usage:

• Provides standardized definitions for design, construction, and operation of port and harbour structures.
• Facilitates clear communication among engineers, planners, and stakeholders.

No specific formulas or tables are provided** in this clause**, as it focuses on terminology.

Example Terms (for reference):

For detailed design formulas and tables, refer to other IS codes related to structural design and coastal engineering.

IS 7314: General Design Considerations – Key Points

1. Design Wave (Clause 2.199):

   • The wave characteristics used to design maritime structures to resist wave forces.
   • Parameters include wave height, period, and length.

2. Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738):

   • Area of river or waterway influenced by tidal effects, important for load and pressure calculations.

3. Deck Load (Clause 2.192):

   • Combination of dead load (self-weight) and live load (traffic, equipment) on the deck.

4. Design Philosophy:

   • Harmonizes international standards with local practices.
   • Emphasizes safety, durability, and serviceability under environmental loads.

Typical Formulae for Wave Pressure (from general coastal engineering knowledge):

[ P = 0.5 \rho g H ]

• (P) = wave pressure (kN/m²)
• (\rho) = density of water (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g) = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• (H) = design wave height (m)

Design Load Components on Maritime Structures:

Summary Diagram of Load Interaction:

graph LR
A[Maritime Structure] --> B(Dead Load)
A --> C(Live Load)
A --> D(Wave Load)
A --> E(Tidal Load)
A --> F(Wind Load)

References:

• Clause 2.199, 2.192, 2.738 IS 7314
• Cornick, H.F., Dock and Harbour Engineering
• US Army Coastal Engineering Research Centre Glossary

For detailed tables and wave characteristics, refer to IS 7314 full text and referenced coastal engineering literature.

IS 7314: Hydrodynamic Forces and Wave Action - Key Points

Definitions (Clauses)

• Design Wave (2.199): Wave characteristics used for structural design.
• Wind Waves (2.724): Waves generated by wind.
• Zone Tidal (2.738): River reach influenced by tidal effects.

Hydrodynamic Forces on Marine Structures

• Forces arise from wave pressure, wave impact, and runup.
• Design wave height (H_d), period (T), and length (L) are critical.

Key Formulas (General Guidance)

• Wave Pressure on Vertical Wall: [ p = \rho g H_d ] where:

  • (p) = pressure,
  • (\rho) = water density,
  • (g) = acceleration due to gravity,
  • (H_d) = design wave height.

• Wave Force on Pile (Morrison Equation): [ F = \frac{1}{2} \rho C_d D u|u| + \rho C_m \frac{\pi D^2}{4} \frac{du}{dt} ] where:

  • (C_d), (C_m) = drag and inertia coefficients,
  • (D) = pile diameter,
  • (u) = flow velocity,
  • (\frac{du}{dt}) = flow acceleration.

Typical Tables (from IS 7314 or referenced literature)

Wave Runup

• Wave runup height depends on wave steepness and structure slope.
• Important for freeboard design.

Conceptual Mermaid Diagram: Wave

IS 7314: Structural Design of Concrete Monoliths

Key Definitions:

• Monolith (Clause 2.414): Hollow concrete/masonry foundation with multiple open wells filled with concrete, sunk like cylindrical caissons.
• Hexapod (Clause 2.310): RCC unit with six legs from a central core, used in marine structures.
• Tetrapod (Clause 2.612): Four-legged concrete block with excellent interlocking for wave energy dissipation.

Design Considerations for Concrete Monoliths:

• Load Transfer: Monoliths transfer vertical and lateral loads to soil via wells filled with concrete.
• Stability: Must resist overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure.
• Well Spacing & Size: Determined by structural loads and soil conditions; wells act as piles.

Typical Design Formulas:

Typical Structural Specifications:

• Concrete Grade: Minimum M20 or as per design.
• Reinforcement: As per IS 456; adequate to resist bending, shear.
• Well Filling: High-strength concrete to ensure monolithic behavior.
• Waterproofing: Essential for marine/tidal zones (Clause 2.738).

Summary Table: Monolith Components

flowchart TD
    A[Monolith] --> B[Outer Shell (RCC/Masonry)]
    A --> C[Open Wells]
    C --> D[Concrete Filled]

IS 7314: Construction Methods and Materials - Key Points

The provided context mainly covers glossary and references, but based on IS 7314 and general port & harbour engineering:

Construction Methods:

• Marine structures often use:
  • Cofferdams for dry working below water.
  • Caissons for foundations.
  • Precast concrete units for quick assembly.
• Construction must consider tidal zones (Clause 2.738) and wind waves (Clause 2.737) for stability.

Materials:

• Use marine-grade concrete with:
  • Minimum cement content and low water-cement ratio.
  • Suitable admixtures for durability against chloride attack.
• Reinforcement should be corrosion-resistant (e.g., epoxy-coated or stainless steel).
• Use stone aggregates resistant to abrasion and chemical attack.

Typical Specification Table (Example):

Key Formula for Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262):

[ \text{Water-cement ratio} \leq 0.45 \quad \text{(for marine exposure)} ]

[ \text{Slump} = 50-100 , mm \quad \text{(for good workability)} ]

flowchart TD
    A[Site Preparation] --> B[Cofferdam Construction]
    B --> C[Excavation & Foundation]
    C --> D[Caisson Placement]
    D --> E[Concrete Pouring]
    E --> F[Reinforcement Installation]
    F --> G[Final Finishing & Curing]

Summary: IS 7314 emphasizes durable materials and construction methods adapted to tidal and wave conditions, with marine-grade concrete and corrosion-resistant reinforcement as essentials. For detailed mix design and material specs, refer to IS 456, IS 383, IS 1786, and IS

IS 7314 references different types of breakwaters but does not provide detailed formulas or tables directly under those clauses. Here's a concise summary based on standard breakwater design principles aligned with IS codes:

Key Specifications & Formulas for Breakwaters and Moles

• Types:
  • Mound Breakwaters (Clause 2.418)
  • Floating Breakwaters (Clause 2.262)
  • Vertical Wall Breakwaters (Clause 2.678)
  • Pneumatic Breakwaters (Clause 2.471)

General Design Parameters (Typical for mound & vertical wall breakwaters):

Hudson's Formula for Armor Stone Weight:

[ W = \frac{\gamma_r H^3}{K_D (\gamma_r - \gamma_w)^3 \cot \alpha} ]

Where:

• (W) = Weight of armor unit (kN)
• (\gamma_r) = Unit weight of armor stone (kN/m³)
• (\gamma_w) = Unit weight of water (9.81 kN/m³)
• (H) = Design wave height (m)
• (K_D) = Stability coefficient
• (\alpha) = Slope angle of the breakwater

Typical Cross-section of a Mound Breakwater:

graph TD
    A[Water] -->|Wave Action| B[Armor Layer (large stones)]
    B --> C[Underlayer (smaller stones)]
    C --> D[Core (low permeability)]
    D --> E[Foundation]

Notes:

• Floating breakwaters are designed based on wave transmission coefficients and mooring forces.
• Pneumatic

IS 7314: Key Specifications for Docks and Wet Dock Structures

• Wet Dock Definition (Clauses 2.208 & 2.727):
  Area of impounded water maintaining vessels afloat at a uniform level, unaffected by tides.

• Dry Dock (Clause 2.206):
  Enclosed dock where water is temporarily removed for vessel repairs.

Key Design Considerations (General IS Code Practice)

Basic Hydrostatic Pressure Formula

[ p = \rho g h ]

• (p) = pressure at depth (Pa)
• (\rho) = density of water (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g) = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• (h) = water depth (m)

Typical Dock Wall Thickness (Empirical)

• Thickness = 0.1 to 0.15 × dock height (m)
• Designed to resist lateral water and soil pressures.

flowchart LR
    A[Wet Dock] --> B[Uniform Water Level]
    A --> C[Impounded Water Area]
    D[Dry Dock] --> E[Water Excluded]
    E --> F[Hull & Keel Repairs]

For detailed design, refer to IS 7314 clauses on structural loads, materials, and construction methods.

IS 7314: Sediment and Littoral Drift Control – Key Points

Definitions (Clauses)

• 2.225 Drift, Littoral: Sedimentary material moved by waves and currents in the littoral zone.
• 2.372 Littoral Deposits: Accumulation of littoral drift material.
• 2.373 Littoral Transport: Movement of sediment by waves/currents, including:
  • Longshore transport (parallel to shore)
  • On-offshore transport (perpendicular to shore)
• 2.213 Down Drift: Direction of predominant sediment movement.

Key Formulas & Concepts

1. Longshore Sediment Transport Rate (Q):
   [ Q = K \cdot H_b^{2} \cdot \sin(2\theta) ]

   • (Q) = sediment transport rate (m³/s or tonnes/day)
   • (K) = empirical coefficient (depends on sediment & wave conditions)
   • (H_b) = breaker height (m)
   • (\theta) = angle of wave approach to shore (degrees)

2. Sediment Budget: [ \text{Net sediment change} = \text{Input} - \text{Output} ]

   • Helps assess erosion or accretion zones.

Control Measures (per IS 7314)

• Groynes: Interrupt longshore drift, trap sediment.
• Breakwaters: Reduce wave energy, promote deposition.
• Beach Nourishment: Adding sediment to counter erosion.
• Vegetative Stabilization: Using plants to stabilize deposits.

Typical Table: Sediment Transport Parameters

flowchart LR
    Waves -->|Approach at angle θ| LittoralZone
    LittoralZone -->|Longshore transport| Down

IS 7314: Seismic and Tsunami Considerations - Key Points

Definitions (Clauses 2.544 & 2.660)

• Seismic Sea Wave (Tsunami): Long-period wave caused by underwater seismic disturbance or volcanic eruption.
• Tsunami: Same as Seismic Sea Wave; commonly misnamed as "tidal wave."

Design Considerations

• Tsunami loadings are dynamic and long-period; structures must resist hydrodynamic forces and impact loads.
• Design must consider wave height, velocity, and run-up on shore structures.
• Foundation stability against scour and uplift forces is critical.

Relevant Parameters (from coastal engineering literature)

Structural Design Recommendations

• Use robust, ductile materials.
• Provide adequate freeboard above maximum tsunami run-up.
• Design for lateral forces due to wave impact and debris.
• Consider drainage and erosion control measures.

Additional Resources

• Refer to Cornick, H.F. - Dock and Harbour Engineering for detailed tsunami force calculations.
• See US Army Coastal Engineering Research Centre publications for wave load tables.

flowchart LR
    A[Seismic Event] --> B[Underwater Disturbance]
    B --> C[Generation of Tsunami Wave]
    C --> D[Wave Propagation]
    D --> E[Impact on Coastal Structures]
    E --> F[Hydrodynamic Forces & Scour]
    F --> G[Structural Response & Design]

For detailed formulas and site-specific data, consult IS 7314 and referenced coastal engineering standards.

IS 7314 primarily provides terminology related to port and harbour engineering, including navigation and mooring facilities, but lacks detailed design formulas or tables.

Key Points on Navigation and Mooring Facilities (from IS 7314 & engineering practice):

• Navigational Aids (Clause 2.422) include:

  • Lighthouses, beacons, light signals, semaphores
  • Buoys (fixed, floating)
  • Radar and radio communication systems

• Mooring Facilities involve:

  • Design of mooring dolphins, bollards, fenders
  • Mooring load calculations based on ship size, wind, current, and berth conditions

Essential Mooring Load Formula (general engineering):

[ F_m = C_w \times A \times V^2 ]

Where:

• (F_m) = Mooring force (N)
• (C_w) = Wind pressure coefficient (varies 0.5–1.2)
• (A) = Projected area of the ship above water (m²)
• (V) = Wind velocity (m/s)

Typical Mooring Equipment Specs:

flowchart LR
    A[Navigational Aids] --> B(Lighthouses)
    A --> C(Buoys)
    A --> D(Radar)
    A --> E(Light Signals)
    F[Mooring Facilities] --> G(Bollards)
    F --> H(Fenders)
    F --> I(Mooring Dolphins)

For detailed design, refer to IS 4651 (Mooring Equipment) and IS 4652 (Port and Harbour Structures).

IS 7314 primarily provides a glossary and definitions related to port and harbour engineering, with limited direct content on maintenance and inspection. However, general maintenance and inspection guidelines for marine structures can be summarized as follows, based on standard engineering practice and referenced literature:

Key Maintenance & Inspection Guidelines for Ports and Harbours

• Inspection Frequency:

  • Routine visual inspections: Monthly or quarterly.
  • Detailed structural inspections: Annually or after extreme events (storms, earthquakes).

• Inspection Focus Areas:

  • Structural integrity (cracks, corrosion, spalling).
  • Marine growth and erosion effects.
  • Condition of joints, bearings, and fenders.
  • Underwater inspection for scour and foundation condition.

• Maintenance Actions:

  • Cleaning and removal of marine growth.
  • Repair of concrete and steel corrosion.
  • Replacement of damaged components.
  • Protective coatings and cathodic protection for steel.

Reference Table: Typical Inspection Checklist

General Formula for Corrosion Allowance (for steel elements):

[ t_c = k \times t ] where

• ( t_c ) = corrosion allowance thickness,
• ( t ) = nominal thickness,
• ( k ) = corrosion factor (typically 0.1 to 0.3 mm/year × design life).

For detailed procedures, refer to publications like Du-plat-Taylor's Design, Construction and Maintenance of Docks and US Army Corps of Engineers manuals.

flowchart TD
    A[Inspection Planning] --> B[Visual Inspection]
    B --> C{Condition Assessment}
    C -->|Good| D[Routine Maintenance]
    C -->|Minor Defects| E[Repair & Protective Measures]
    C -->|Severe Damage| F[Structural Rehabilitation]
    E --> D
   

IS 7314 - Safety and Environmental Aspects: Key Points

The provided context from IS 7314 mainly covers definitions (e.g., Zone Tidal) and references but lacks direct formulas or tables on safety/environmental aspects. Based on standard port and harbour engineering practice, here are key considerations:

Safety Aspects

• Structural Safety: Design loads must include wind, wave, tidal, and seismic forces.
• Load Combinations: Use combinations per IS 1893 (Earthquake), IS 875 (Wind Loads).
• Material Durability: Use corrosion-resistant materials in marine environments.
• Access & Evacuation: Design safe access routes and emergency evacuation plans.

Environmental Aspects

• Tidal Zone Definition: Zone Tidal is the river reach influenced by tides (Clause 2.738).
• Wave and Wind Data: Use local meteorological and oceanographic data for design.
• Pollution Control: Incorporate measures for oil spill containment, waste management.
• Ecosystem Protection: Minimize disturbance to marine flora and fauna.

Typical Load Formula for Wave Pressure (IS 4651 reference):

[ P = 0.5 \rho g H^2 ]

• (P) = wave pressure (kN/m²)
• (\rho) = water density (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g) = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• (H) = wave height (m)

Summary Table: Environmental Zones

flowchart LR
    A[Environmental Zone] --> B[Zone Tidal]
    A --> C[Wind Wave Zone]
    B --> D[Tidal Range Impact]
    C --> E[Wave Load on Structures]
    D --> F[Design Load Adjustments]
    E --> F

Note: For detailed safety and environmental specifications, consult IS 4651 (Wave Loads), IS 875 (Wind Loads), and IS 1893 (Seismic Loads) along with IS 7314 glossary

IS 7314 - References and Bibliography Overview

The standard acknowledges key authoritative publications for port and harbour engineering, emphasizing international coordination and Indian practices.

Key References Cited:

• Cornick, H.F.: Dock and Harbour Engineering (Charles Griffin & Co Ltd)
• Glossary of Coastal Engineering Terms by Richard H. Allen, US Army Corps of Engineers
• Illustrated Technical Dictionary (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses)
• Duplat-Taylor, F.M.: Design, Construction and Maintenance of Docks, Wharves and Piers
• Rene de Kerchove: International Marine Dictionary

Indian Standards Institution (ISI) Publications:

• Over 7,500 standards covering civil engineering topics like concrete, reinforcement, structural design, soil engineering, timber, waterproofing, etc.
• Regular bulletins, annual reports, and handbooks available for updates.

Important Notes:

• Clause 2.738 defines Zone Tidal as the river reach influenced by tides.
• The standard promotes harmonization with international standards for port and harbour engineering.

Summary Table: Key Publication Types in ISI Civil Engineering Group

This bibliography supports comprehensive design and construction of marine structures per IS 7314.

flowchart LR
    A[IS 7314 Standard] --> B[References]
    B --> C[Cornick - Dock & Harbour Engineering]
    B --> D[US Army Coastal Engineering Glossary]
    B --> E[Illustrated Technical Dictionary]
    B --> F[Duplat-Taylor - Docks & Piers]
    B --> G[International Marine Dictionary]
    A --> H[Indian Standards Institution]
    H --> I[Concrete, Structural Design, Soil, Timber, Water Supply]

For detailed design formulas and tables, refer to specific IS codes cited within IS 7314 or the referenced publications.