Glossary of wooden packaging terms

IS 6703: Scope Summary

• Scope: IS 6703 covers specifications related to packaging materials, specifically wood wool (excelsior) used for cushioning in packaging.
• Wood Wool Definition (Clause 2.98): Finely shredded excelsior, free from knots, splinters, and coarse pieces; available plain, wadded, or in pads.
• Applicability: This standard aligns with international practices and gives precedence to individual package standards if definitions conflict.
• No explicit formulas or tables are provided in the scope clause.

Key Points:

• Wood wool is primarily used as a cushioning and packing material.
• Quality requirements ensure absence of coarse or defective pieces.
• The standard promotes harmonization with global packaging norms.

Additional Notes:

For packaging design involving wood wool cushioning, consider:

• Compression strength and thickness of wood wool pads.
• Cushioning effectiveness depends on density and arrangement.
• Typical density range: 20-40 kg/m³ for cushioning.

flowchart LR
    A[Packaging Material] --> B[Wood Wool (Excelsior)]
    B --> C[Plain]
    B --> D[Wadded]
    B --> E[Pads]
    C & D & E --> F[Used for cushioning, protection]

For detailed packaging design, refer to specific package standards or IS codes related to packaging dimensions and load requirements.

IS 6703: Terms and Definitions for Wooden Packaging

• This standard provides a glossary of commonly used terms in the wooden packaging and container industry.
• It aims to eliminate ambiguity by offering simple, accurate definitions rather than scientific jargon.
• In case of conflict between this glossary and individual package standards, the definitions in the package standards prevail (Clause 0.4).
• The glossary covers terms related to wooden packaging materials, construction, and trade practices.
• It serves as a reference for uniform interpretation across the timber packaging industry.

Key Points:

No specific formulas or tables are provided in this clause since it is purely definitional. For detailed design or material specs, refer to relevant IS codes or package standards.

IS 6703 - Base (Clause 2.2) Overview

• Definition:
  A Base is a lumber framework to which an article is fastened for:
  (a) Shipment without further protection, or
  (b) Positioning/assembly into a shipping container.

Key Specifications for Base:

• Material: Typically structural-grade lumber, free from defects.
• Dimensions:
  • Thickness and width depend on the load and article size.
  • Common sizes: 50 mm to 100 mm thickness, width as per load.
• Construction:
  • Lumber members arranged to distribute load evenly.
  • Fastened securely to prevent displacement during handling.

Relevant IS 6703 Guidance:

Additional Notes:

• The base must support the weight and dimensions of the article safely.
• Should facilitate handling and stacking without damage.
• For heavy items, use reinforced bases with cross members.

flowchart LR
    A[Article] --> B[Base Framework]
    B --> C[Fastening (nails/screws)]
    B --> D[Supports load & handling]
    D --> E[Shipping container or direct shipment]

This diagram shows the article fastened to the base, which supports load and handling for shipment.

IS 6703: Basket - Key Specifications & Concepts

• Definition (Clause 2.3):
  A basket is a semi-rigid container made from thin strips of wood, fibreboard, or combinations, woven or stapled. It usually has one or more handles for lifting.

• Material & Construction:

  • Thin wooden strips or fibreboard
  • Woven or stapled binding
  • Semi-rigid but variable shape and size

• Typical Use:
  Suitable for packaging goods needing ventilation and moderate protection.

• Related Containers:

  • Hamper (2.38): Similar but often slatted with a wider top than bottom.
  • Base (2.2): Lumber framework for securing baskets during shipment.
  • Nest (2.65): Grouping baskets inside each other for space efficiency.

No explicit formulas in IS 6703 for baskets, but general packaging design principles apply:

• Volume (V):
  ( V = L \times W \times H ) (for rectangular baskets)
• Load Capacity:
  Depends on material strength and weaving density; test per IS 6703 guidelines.

Visual Concept:

graph TD
  Basket -->|Material| Wood_Strips
  Basket -->|Material| Fibreboard
  Basket -->|Feature| Handles
  Basket -->|Construction| Woven_Stapled
  Basket -->|Use| Packaging

For detailed design, consider material strength, weave tightness, and intended load per IS 6703 and related packaging codes.

Cleated Wood Box (IS 6703) Key Points:

• Definition (Clause 2.14):
  A nailed wood box with two or more cleats on two opposite faces (usually ends) to reinforce and increase nailing area.

• Cleat (Clause 2.12):
  Wood/metal strips fixed along panel edges or between edges for reinforcement/stiffening.

Typical Specifications & Design Considerations:

Design Formula (for nailing strength):

[ \text{Nailing Area} = \text{Length of cleat} \times \text{Width of cleat} \times \text{Number of cleats} ]

• Increasing cleats increases nailing surface and box rigidity.

Conceptual Diagram:

graph LR
A[Wood Box Panel] -- nailed to --> B[Cleat (Wood Strip)]
B -- reinforcement --> A
B -- nailing surface --> C[Nails]

Summary: Cleated wood boxes use nailed cleats on opposite ends to reinforce the box and improve nailing strength per IS 6703. Cleats are wood strips fixed along edges, typically 25-50 mm wide, with nails spaced 75-100 mm apart.

IS 6703 - Drainage Holes Key Points

• Definition (Clause 2.28): Drainage holes or spacers are provided near the bottom of closed containers to allow condensation or water inside to escape, preventing moisture accumulation.

• Purpose: Avoid internal moisture buildup which can damage contents or packaging.

Typical Specifications for Drainage Holes:

• Location: Bottom or near-bottom of container.
• Size: Sufficient to allow water escape but prevent ingress of contaminants.
• Number & Spacing: Depends on container size; typically multiple holes evenly spaced.

Design Considerations:

• Holes must be large enough to drain water but small enough to maintain container integrity.
• Use mesh or filters if contamination is a concern.
• Spacers can be used alternatively to elevate contents, allowing water to drain freely.

Common Practice (not explicitly in IS 6703 but engineering standard):

flowchart LR
    A[Condensation Inside Container] --> B{Drainage Holes/Spacers}
    B --> C[Water Escapes]
    B --> D[Prevents Moisture Damage]

Summary: Provide multiple small drainage holes or spacers near the container bottom to enable water escape, ensuring product safety and packaging durability per IS 6703 Clause 2.28.

IS 6703 - Edge Protector: Key Specifications & Usage

• Definition (Clause 2.31):
  Edge Protector is a metal right-angle section placed on edges of boxes, crates, bundles, or gates.
  Its purpose is to distribute pressure from metal bands/ties and prevent cutting into the packaging.

• Typical Dimensions:

  • Leg length: Usually 20-50 mm depending on band width and load.
  • Thickness: Typically 1.5-3 mm steel sheet.

• Material:

  • Mild steel or galvanized steel for corrosion resistance.

• Function:

  • Protects edges from band tension.
  • Prevents damage to contents by distributing load evenly.

• Installation Tips:

  • Place edge protectors along all edges under tension bands.
  • Use corner buffers (Clause 2.19) for cushioning inside corners if needed.

Typical Edge Protector Cross-section

graph TD
    A[Metal Band] --> B[Edge Protector (Right Angle)]
    B --> C[Box Edge]
    B --> D[Pressure Distribution]

Summary Table

Use edge protectors as per IS 6703 to ensure secure, damage-free packaging under banding pressure.

IS 6703 - Hamper Specifications & Key Points

• Definition (Clause 2.38):
  A hamper is a container for shipping fruits/vegetables, with a circular, elliptical, or polygonal horizontal cross-section.
  • Top dimensions > Bottom dimensions (tapered shape)
  • Slatted sides for ventilation
  • Bottom may be loose, stapled, or nailed
  • Top may be open or closed

Key Design Considerations (from IS 6703 & general practice):

Typical Design Formula (for volume estimation):

[ V \approx \frac{h}{3} (A_1 + A_2 + \sqrt{A_1 \times A_2}) ]

Where:

• (h) = height of hamper
• (A_1) = area of top cross-section
• (A_2) = area of bottom cross-section

(Assuming frustum shape for volume)

Packing (Clause 2.68):

• Use cushioning materials inside to protect produce
• Ensure articles are held firmly to avoid damage during transport

flowchart TD
    A[Hamper] --> B[Shape: Circular/Elliptical/Polygonal]
    A --> C[Top > Bottom Dimensions]
    A --> D[Slatted Sides for Ventilation]
    A --> E[Bottom: Loose/Stapled/Nailed]
    A --> F[Open or Closed Top]
    A --> G[Used for Fruits & Vegetables]

Summary: IS 6703 defines hampers as ventilated, tapered wooden containers with slatted sides, designed primarily for shipping perishable produce safely. Use the frustum volume formula for capacity and ensure proper packing for protection.

IS 6703: Kit Packaging - Key Specifications

• Definition (Clause 2.42):
  A Kit is a shipping container, metal or wood, of truncated conical shape with:

  • Fixed bottom at the larger end
  • Fixed or removable top at the smaller end
  • Typical capacity: < 20 litres

• Shape & Volume:
  The truncated cone volume formula:
  [ V = \frac{1}{3} \pi h (R^2 + Rr + r^2) ]
  where:

  • (h) = height of the kit
  • (R) = radius of larger end
  • (r) = radius of smaller end

• Material:

  • Metal or wood, depending on handling and protection requirements.

• Packaging Considerations (Clause 2.98):

  • Use Wood Wool (finely shredded excelsior) as cushioning inside kits to avoid damage.

Summary Table for Kit

flowchart TD
    A[Kit Container] --> B[Truncated Cone Shape]
    B --> C{Ends}
    C --> D[Fixed Bottom (Larger End)]
    C --> E[Fixed/Removable Top (Smaller End)]
    A --> F[Material: Metal or Wood]
    A --> G[Cushioning: Wood Wool]

For detailed dimensional design, apply truncated cone volume formula and ensure packaging meets IS standards for strength and protection.

IS 6703 - Load Type Classification

Load Type defines container contents based on density, fragility, and packing support:

Key Points:

• Type I: Best for uniform, well-packed goods.
• Type II: Moderate packing support; some movement possible.
• Type III: Requires careful blocking, bracing, cushioning due to irregularity or fragility.

No specific formulas exist for load types; classification guides packaging and structural support design in container handling.

flowchart TD
    A[Load Type] --> B[Type I: Easy]
    A --> C[Type II: Average]
    A --> D[Type III: Difficult]

    B --> E[Uniform density]
    B --> F[Supports all container faces]

    C --> G[Moderate density]
    C --> H[Support at several points]

    D --> I[Irregular shape or fragile]
    D --> J[Needs special bracing]

IS 6703: Lumber, Rough – Key Specifications & Definitions

• Lumber, Rough (Clause 2.51): Undressed lumber as it comes directly from the saw without planing or finishing.
• Lumber (Clause 2.48): Wood prepared by sawing, resawing, planing, or finishing.
• Planks (Clause 2.72): Yard lumber with thickness 50 mm to <100 mm and width ≥ 200 mm.
• Lumber, Resawn (Clause 2.50): Rough or surfaced lumber cut into multiple thicknesses by sawing.

Typical Lumber Sizes (mm)

Notes:

• Rough lumber requires further processing for smoothness.
• Dimensions are nominal and may vary slightly due to drying and machining.
• IS 6703 mainly defines terms; structural design uses IS 883 or IS 1905 for timber properties.

flowchart LR
    A[Lumber] --> B[Rough Lumber (Undressed)]
    A --> C[Resawn Lumber (Multiple thicknesses)]
    A --> D[Planks (50-100mm thick, ≥200mm wide)]

For design, check modulus of elasticity, density, and strength from IS 883.

IS 6703 - Nail Types: Diamond Point

Nail, Diamond Point (Clause 2.59)

• Definition: Nail with a point having four facades (faceted edges), the most common type.
• Purpose: Provides easy penetration with good holding in wood.

Key Specifications (Typical per IS 6703 & general practice):

Nail Point Comparison (for clarity):

Formula for Nail Holding Capacity (Approximate):

[ P = A \times f ]

• P: Pull-out resistance (N)
• A: Surface area of nail embedded (approx. ( \pi \times d \times l ))
• f: Shear strength of wood (N/mm²)

flowchart LR
    A[Nail Types] --> B[Diamond Point]
    A --> C[Sharp Point]
    A --> D[Blunt Point]
    A --> E[Duckbill Point]
    B --> F[4-faceted point]
    C --> G[Long needle-like]
    D --> H[Square cut]
    E --> I[Flat thin for clinching]

Summary: Diamond point nails are versatile, commonly used with a 4-faceted tip for efficient penetration and holding in wood, as per IS 6703 Clause 2.59.

IS 6703 - Pallet Key Points & Specifications

• Definition (Clause 2.69):
  A pallet is a low portable platform made from wood, metal, fibreboard, or combinations, designed to facilitate handling, stowage, and transportation of materials as a unit.

• Load on Pallet (Clause 2.44 & 2.45):

  • Load, Pallet: Articles or commodities placed on pallets/skids.
  • Load, Palletized Unit: A secured unit load on a pallet or skid.

Key Specifications for Pallets (General IS/Industry Practice)

Load Calculation Formula (for wooden pallets):

[ P = \frac{W}{n} ]

Where:

• (P) = Load per pallet deck board
• (W) = Total load on pallet
• (n) = Number of deck boards sharing load

Important Design Considerations:

• Ensure pallet strength matches load weight and handling method (forklift, manual).
• Use treated wood for export pallets (ISPM 15 compliance).
• Maintain uniform dimensions for stacking and transport efficiency.

flowchart LR
    A[Materials] --> B[Wood]
    A --> C[Metal]
    A --> D[Fibreboard]
    B --> E[Deck Boards]
    B --> F[Stringers/Blocks]
    G[Load] --> H[Loose Articles]
    G --> I[Containers]
    H --> J[Pallet Load]
    I --> J
    J --> K[Palletized Unit]

For detailed design, refer to

IS 6703 - Slat Specifications & Key Points

• Definition (Clause 2.84):
  A Slat is any member of a crate, skid, or pallet, typically 25 mm or less in thickness.

• Typical Dimensions:

  • Thickness: ≤ 25 mm
  • Width and length vary based on crate/pallet design and load requirements.

• Function:
  Slats provide structural support and surface for placing goods. They distribute load and maintain crate/pallet integrity.

• Material:
  Usually timber, selected for strength and durability.

• Design Considerations:

  • Slats must withstand compressive and bending stresses from loads.
  • Spacing between slats depends on load size and weight.

• No direct formulas in IS 6703 for slats, but typical design follows timber beam bending and shear principles:

  Bending Stress,
  [ \sigma = \frac{M \cdot c}{I} ]
  where:

  • (M) = bending moment
  • (c) = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber
  • (I) = moment of inertia

• Recommended Practice:
  Use timber strength values from IS 883 or IS 1708 for design checks.

flowchart LR
  A[Load on Crate] --> B[Slat]
  B --> C{Thickness ≤ 25mm}
  C -->|Yes| D[Supports Load]
  C -->|No| E[Not a Slat]

For detailed design, refer to timber design codes and pallet design standards.

IS 6703: Tongue and Groove (T&G) Key Points

• Definition (Clause 2.91):
  Tongue and Groove is a joint where one edge has a projecting tongue and the opposite edge a matching groove, enabling tight fitting between adjacent lumber pieces.

• Matched Lumber (Clause 2.49):
  Lumber shaped for close T&G joints at edges or ends.

• Typical Dimensions for T&G Lumber:

  • Thickness: Usually between 25 mm to 50 mm
  • Width: Varies, commonly 100 mm to 200 mm or more
  • Tongue width: Approximately 1/3 of board thickness
  • Groove width: Slightly wider than tongue to allow snug fit

• Practical Notes:

  • Used to prevent gaps, improve stability and load distribution
  • Common in flooring, paneling, and decking

Typical Tongue and Groove Cross-section

graph LR
A[Tongue] -->|Fits into| B[Groove]
style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
style B fill:#bbf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px

Example Dimensions Table (mm)

Note: IS 6703 focuses on definitions; detailed dimensioning often follows practical standards or manufacturer specifications.