Hollow clay tiles for floors and roofs, Part 2: Structural type

IS 3951 Part 2: Scope Summary

• Scope: IS 3951 Part 2 (2009) primarily deals with specific test methods for concrete, focusing on particular properties or types of concrete.

• Rounding Off: Test or analysis results must be rounded as per IS 2:1960 rules, maintaining the same number of significant figures as specified in IS 3951 Part 2.

• Referenced Standards: This part incorporates other standards by reference; users should verify they are using the latest editions for compliance.

Key Points:

Since the scope clause is descriptive without formulas or tables, refer to the specific clauses of IS 3951 Part 2 for detailed test procedures.

If you want, I can provide formulas or tables for a specific test method within IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 (Part 2): 2009 - Key References and Specifications

1. Specimen Preparation & Testing (Clause 7.05, Table A-1)

• Specimen crushing: Between two 3-ply plywood sheets (~3 mm thick).
• Load application: Axial load at 150 kg/cm²/min until failure.
• Retesting: If mean strength < specified, test 10 more tiles.

2. Water Absorption Test (Annex B)

• Specimens: At least 6 tiles selected randomly.
• Drying: Oven at 110-115°C till constant mass.
• Soaking: Immerse in water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
• Weighing: After wiping surface water, within 3 minutes.
• Calculation:

[ \text{Water Absorption %} = \frac{W_2 - W_1}{W_1} \times 100 ]

Where:

• (W_1) = Dry mass
• (W_2) = Mass after soaking

3. Committee & Standards

• Developed by Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, CED 30.
• BIS is the statutory body; latest editions encouraged.

Summary Table: Water Absorption Test

flowchart TD
    A[Select 6 Tiles] --> B[Dry at 110-115°C till constant mass]
    B --> C[Weigh dry specimen (W1)]
    C --> D[Soak in water at 27±2°C for 24h]
    D --> E[Remove & wipe surface water]
    E --> F[Weigh soaked specimen (W2)]
    F --> G[Calculate Water Absorption %]

This provides the key references and test procedures from IS 3951 (Part 2): 2009. For detailed tables or amendments, consult the

IS 3951 (Part 2): 2009 - Definitions

• The definitions used in IS 3951 Part 2 refer directly to IS 2248 for terminology related to concrete testing.
• For clarity, IS 2248 defines key terms like:
  • Slump: Measure of consistency of fresh concrete.
  • Compaction factor: Degree of compaction of concrete.
  • Workability: Ease of placing and compacting concrete.
• Rounding off results: As per IS 2:1960, final test or calculated values must be rounded to the same number of significant digits as the specified value.

Important Note:

• No separate formulas or tables for definitions are provided in IS 3951 Part 2.
• Refer to IS 2248 for detailed definitions and related test procedures.

Summary Table

flowchart LR
    A[IS 3951 Part 2: 2009] --> B[Definitions]
    B --> C[Refer IS 2248 for terms]
    A --> D[Rounding off results]
    D --> E[Follow IS 2:1960 rules]

For detailed testing terms and procedures, consult IS 2248 directly.

IS 3951 (Part 2): 2009 — General Requirements Summary

• Rounding off values:
  Compliance with the standard requires that all test or analysis results be rounded off per IS 2:1960 rules.
• Significant figures:
  The number of significant digits in the rounded value must match those in the specified standard value.

IS 2:1960 Rounding Rules (Summary)

This ensures consistent precision and accuracy when reporting test results under IS 3951 (Part 2).

flowchart LR
    A[Test/Analysis Result] --> B[Round off per IS 2:1960]
    B --> C[Match significant digits of Specified Value]
    C --> D[Final Compliance Decision]

IS 3951 Part 2: Dimensions and Tolerances Summary

1. Standard Dimensions (Clause 5.1.3)

• Length: 290 mm and 390 mm
• Width: 90 mm to 190 mm (increments of 50 mm)
• Height: 125 mm to 200 mm (increments of 25 mm)

2. Tolerances (Clause 5.1.4)

• Length & Width: ±5% of specified value
• Height: ±3% of specified value

3. Angle Tolerance (Clause 4.3.3)

• For right-angled sides/edges, deviation from 90° measured using a builder’s square.
• Maximum gap between inner edge of square and tile side = 3 mm per 300 mm run

4. Rounding Off (General Clause)

• Follow IS 2:1960 for rounding numerical values.
• Retain the same number of significant digits as in specified values.

Example: Tolerance Calculation

flowchart LR
    A[Specified Dimension] --> B[Tolerance %]
    B --> C[Calculate Tolerance (mm)]
    C --> D[Determine Acceptable Range]
    D --> E[Check Compliance]

This ensures dimensional accuracy and fitment as per IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 (Part 2) - Bulk Density of Structural Clay Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Bulk Density limits:
  • Minimum: 900 kg/m³
  • Maximum: 1200 kg/m³
    (Clause 6.1)

Test Procedure (Clause 6.1.1):

• Dry specimen at 110°C to constant weight.
• Cool and weigh dry specimen: w (kg).
• Measure external dimensions (excluding grooves) to find bulk volume: v (m³).

Formula for Bulk Density:

[ \boxed{ D = \frac{w}{v} } ] Where:

• (D) = Bulk density (kg/m³)
• (w) = Weight of dry specimen (kg)
• (v) = Bulk volume of specimen (m³)

Expression:

• Bulk density should be reported to 0.1 kg/m³ accuracy.

Additional Related Parameters:

• Compressive Strength: ≥ 200 kg/cm² (average), minimum 180 kg/cm² (individual)
• Water Absorption: ≤ 15% by weight (alternate 10% if specified)

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Dry Tile Specimen] --> B[Dry at 110°C to constant weight]
    B --> C[Cool and weigh specimen (w)]
    A --> D[Measure external dimensions]
    D --> E[Calculate bulk volume (v)]
    C --> F[Calculate Bulk Density D = w/v]
    E --> F
    F --> G[Check if 900 ≤ D ≤ 1200 kg/m³]

This ensures quality control of structural clay tiles for flooring and roofing applications as per IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 Part 2: Compressive Strength of Structural Clay Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Minimum compressive strength (individual tile): 180 kg/cm²
• Average compressive strength (sample): ≥ 200 kg/cm² (net cross-sectional area)
• Bulk density limits: 900 to 1200 kg/m³

Test Procedure (Annex A):

1. Specimen Preparation:

   • Dry tile at 110°C until constant weight.
   • Measure external dimensions (excluding grooves) to find bulk volume ( v ).
   • Calculate bulk density ( D = \frac{w}{v} ) where:
     • ( w ) = dry weight (kg)
     • ( v ) = bulk volume (m³)
   • Express ( D ) in kg/m³ (accuracy 0.1 units).

2. Compressive Strength Calculation: [ \text{Compressive Strength} = \frac{\text{Load at failure (kgf)}}{\text{Net cross-sectional area (cm}^2)} ]

Water Absorption:

• Max 15% by weight (alternate max 10% if specified).

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Dry Tile at 110°C] --> B[Measure Dimensions]
    B --> C[Calculate Bulk Volume (v)]
    C --> D[Weigh Dry Tile (w)]
    D --> E[Calculate Bulk Density D = w/v]
    E --> F[Apply Load for Compressive Test]
    F --> G[Calculate Compressive Strength = Load / Net Area]
    G --> H{Strength ≥ 180 kg/cm²?}
    H -- Yes --> I[Tile Passes]
    H -- No --> J[Tile Fails]

This ensures tiles meet the structural requirements for durability and load-bearing capacity per IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 (Part 2): 2009 - Water Absorption of Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Water Absorption Limit: Max 15% by weight (alternate 10% if purchaser specifies).
• Sample Size: At least 6 tiles randomly selected.
• Test Temperature: Water maintained at 27 ± 2°C.
• Drying Temperature: Oven dried at 110° to 115°C to constant mass.

Test Procedure (Annex B):

1. Drying: Dry specimens to constant mass in oven (110°-115°C), cool to room temp.
2. Weigh Dry Mass: ( W_1 )
3. Soaking: Immerse in water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
4. Weigh Wet Mass: Remove, wipe surface, weigh within 3 minutes ( W_2 ).

Formula for Water Absorption (% by mass):

[ \text{Water Absorption} = \frac{W_2 - W_1}{W_1} \times 100 ]

• ( W_1 ) = Mass of dry specimen
• ( W_2 ) = Mass after soaking

Bulk Density Calculation (Clause 6.1.1):

[ D = \frac{w}{v} ]

• ( w ) = Weight of dry sample (kg)
• ( v ) = Bulk volume (m³) measured excluding grooves
• ( D ) = Bulk density (kg/m³), accuracy ±0.1 units

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Select 6 Tiles] --> B[Dry at 110-115°C to constant mass]
    B --> C[Weigh dry mass (W1)]
    C --> D[Immerse in water at 27±2°C for 24h]
    D --> E[Remove, wipe surface, weigh wet

IS 3951 Part 2: Sampling Procedure (Clause 9.1)

• Sampling size:

  • Select 25 tiles at random for every 2,500 tiles or fraction thereof in a lot.
  • Minimum sample size per lot: 25 tiles.

• Purpose:

  • To check compliance with requirements specified in Clauses 4 to 7.

• Rounding off results:

  • Follow IS 2:1960 for rounding numerical values.
  • Retain the same number of significant places as the specified value in the standard.

Summary Table for Sampling Size

(Sample size increases by 25 for each additional 2,500 tiles)

This ensures statistically representative sampling for quality control of tiles per IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 Part 2: Marking and Certification Key Points

• Marking Requirements (Clause 10.1):
  Each tile must be indelibly marked with:

  • Source of Manufacture (manufacturer's identification)
  • Tile Type Mark: 'Structural' or 'S' for filler tiles
  • Batch/Control Unit Number

• BIS Certification Mark (Clause 10.2 & 10.2.1):

  • Tiles may bear the BIS Standard Mark under license.
  • Use of the mark follows the BIS Act, 1986 and related rules.
  • Licensing details are available from the Bureau of Indian Standards.

• Compressive Strength Determination (Annex A):

  • Specimen preparation and testing procedures are detailed for quality control.
  • Ensures tiles meet strength criteria before marking.

Summary Table for Marking

This marking ensures traceability and compliance with BIS standards for quality assurance.

IS 3951 Part 2: Determination of Compressive Strength of Structural Clay Units

Key Specifications:

• Minimum average compressive strength: 200 kg/cm² (net area)
• Minimum individual compressive strength: 180 kg/cm²
• Water absorption limit: ≤ 15% (alternate 10% if specified)
• Bulk density range: 900 to 1200 kg/m³

Bulk Density Calculation (Clause 6.1.1):

[ D = \frac{w}{v} ]

• (D) = Bulk density (kg/m³)
• (w) = Weight of dry specimen (kg)
• (v) = Bulk volume of specimen (m³) (measured excluding grooves)

Compressive Strength Test (Annex A):

• Specimens dried at 110°C to constant weight.
• Test on net cross-sectional area.
• Average and individual values to meet specified limits.

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Prepare specimen] --> B[Dry at 110°C to constant weight]
    B --> C[Measure weight (w)]
    B --> D[Measure volume (v) excluding grooves]
    C & D --> E[Calculate Bulk Density D = w/v]
    E --> F[Conduct compressive strength test on net area]
    F --> G[Check if avg ≥ 200 kg/cm² & individual ≥ 180 kg/cm²]
    G -->|Yes| H[Pass]
    G -->|No| I[Fail]

This procedure ensures compliance with IS 3951 Part 2 for structural clay units.

IS 3951 (Part 2) : 2009 — Water Absorption of Clay Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Sample size: At least 6 tiles selected randomly.
• Water absorption limit: Maximum 15% by weight (alternate 10% if specified).
• Drying temperature: 110° to 115°C until constant mass.
• Water immersion: 24 hours at 27 ± 2°C.
• Weighing accuracy: ±0.1% of specimen mass.

Test Procedure (Annex B):

1. Dry tiles to constant weight → weigh dry mass ( W_d ).
2. Immerse in water for 24 h at 27 ± 2°C.
3. Remove, wipe surface water, weigh saturated mass ( W_s ) within 3 minutes.

Formula for Water Absorption (% by mass):

[ \text{Water Absorption} = \frac{W_s - W_d}{W_d} \times 100 ]

Where:

• ( W_s ) = Mass after soaking (kg)
• ( W_d ) = Dry mass (kg)

Additional Notes:

• Bulk density ( D = \frac{w}{v} ) where ( w ) = dry weight, ( v ) = bulk volume.
• Tiles must meet compressive strength ≥ 180 kg/cm² individually, average ≥ 200 kg/cm².

flowchart TD
    A[Select 6 Tiles] --> B[Dry at 110-115°C till constant weight]
    B --> C[Weigh dry mass (W_d)]
    C --> D[Immerse in water at 27±2°C for 24h]
    D --> E[Remove & wipe surface water]
    E --> F[Weigh saturated mass (W_s)]
    F --> G[Calculate Water Absorption %]

This procedure ensures quality control for clay tiles as per IS 3951 Part 2.

IS 3951 Part 2: Committee Composition - Key Details

Committee Composition is detailed in Annex C of IS 3951 Part 2: 2009, under the Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, CED 30.

Key Points:

• The committee includes representatives from:
  • Industry (e.g., A. Albuquerque & Sons, All India Brick & Tile Manufacturers Federation)
  • Research Institutes (e.g., Central Building Research Institute, Regional Research Laboratory CSIR)
  • Government Departments (e.g., Central Public Works Department, Department of Atomic Energy)
  • Engineering and Testing Organizations (e.g., BIS, National Test House)
• The committee is chaired by Dr. J. M. Bhatnagar.
• Members and alternates represent diverse sectors ensuring comprehensive expertise.

Summary Table: Committee Composition Highlights

Additional Notes:

• The committee oversees formulation and revision of standards related to clay products.
• Detailed member list with alternates is provided in Annex C.
• The structure ensures multi-disciplinary inputs for standard development.

If you need formulas or tables related to testing or specifications (e.g., water absorption, specimen preparation), those are covered in other clauses and annexes, not in the committee composition section. Let me know if you want those details!