Hollow clay tiles for floors and roofs, Part 1: Filler type -

IS 3951 (Part 1): 2009 - Scope Overview

• Scope: IS 3951 Part 1 covers methods for sampling and testing of concrete, primarily focusing on fresh concrete properties.
• Applicability: It applies to concrete used in all types of construction.
• Referenced Standards:
  • Definitions and terminology are as per IS 2248 (Methods of Test for Concrete).
• Key Aspects Covered:
  • Sampling procedures
  • Testing methods for workability, consistency, and other fresh concrete properties
  • Guidelines for ensuring representative samples

Important Notes:

• The standard does not provide design formulas or strength criteria; it focuses on testing and sampling.
• Users should refer to the latest editions of referenced IS codes for updated procedures.

flowchart TD
    A[Concrete Construction] --> B[Sampling as per IS 3951 Part 1]
    B --> C[Test Fresh Concrete Properties]
    C --> D[Workability]
    C --> E[Consistency]
    C --> F[Other Fresh Concrete Tests]

For detailed test methods, consult IS 3951 Part 1 and IS 2248.

IS 3951 (Part 1) : 2009 - Key References and Specifications

Water Absorption Test (Annex B, Clause 8)

• Specimens: Minimum 6 tiles selected randomly.

• Drying: Oven dry at 110–115°C till constant mass.

• Weights:

  • W1 = Dry mass (after cooling)
  • W2 = Mass after 24-hour immersion in water at 27 ± 2°C

• Formula:

  [ \text{Water Absorption (%)} = \frac{W_2 - W_1}{W_1} \times 100 ]

• Result: Average of all specimens' absorption.

Tile Strength (Clause 2.2, Table A-2)

• Tiles must not break or crack under specified loading.

Additional Notes

• The standard references itself: IS 3951 (Part 1) : 2009.
• All referenced standards should be checked for the latest editions.
• BIS contact details and committee composition are provided for further clarifications.

This summary covers key test procedures and specifications for clay tiles from IS 3951 (Part 1). For detailed procedures, refer to the full standard.

IS 3951 Part 1: Definitions & Key Specifications

• Reference for Definitions:
  Definitions used in IS 3951 Part 1 follow IS 2248 (Clay Roofing Tiles).

• Tile Dimensions (Clause 5.1.1):
  Standard tile sizes (Length × Width × Height in mm):

  Length (mm)	Width (mm)	Height (mm)
  340 to 740	350, 300, 250 or 200	80, 90, 100 or 110

• Measurement Method:

  • Length: Average of four longest face centerline measurements (nearest mm).
  • Width & Thickness: Measured similarly.

• Permissible Deviations:

  • Length & Width: ±5%
  • Height (Thickness): ±3%

Summary Table of Permissible Deviations

This ensures dimensional uniformity and quality control in clay roofing tiles per IS 3951 Part 1.

IS 3951 (Part 1): 2009 – General Requirements Summary

This part of IS 3951 outlines the general requirements for construction and testing of concrete piles. Key points include:

• Scope: Specifies materials, workmanship, and testing methods for concrete piles.
• Reference Standards: Incorporates related IS codes (e.g., IS 456 for concrete, IS 2911 for pile foundations).
• Materials: Concrete and reinforcement must comply with relevant IS codes.
• Workmanship: Emphasizes proper mixing, placing, and curing of concrete.
• Testing: Includes load tests and integrity tests to ensure pile performance.
• Documentation: Requires detailed records of materials, mix design, and test results.

Typical Specifications (from IS 3951 series and related IS codes):

Key Formula: Load Capacity of Pile (Approximate)

[ Q_{ult} = Q_s + Q_b ]

Where:

• ( Q_{ult} ) = Ultimate load capacity
• ( Q_s ) = Skin friction resistance
• ( Q_b ) = End bearing resistance

flowchart TD
    A[General Requirements] --> B[Materials]
    A --> C[Workmanship]
    A --> D[Testing]
    B --> E[Concrete as per IS 456]
    B --> F[Reinforcement as per IS 1786]
    D --> G[Load Tests]
    D --> H[Integrity Tests]

For detailed design and testing procedures, refer to IS 3951 Part 1 and associated IS codes.

IS 3951 Part 1: Dimensions and Tolerances for Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Tile Sizes (Length x Width x Height in mm):

• Measurement Method:

  • Length is average of four longest faces measured nearest to 1 mm.
  • Width and thickness measured similarly.

• Permissible Deviations:

  • Length & Width: ±5%
  • Height (Thickness): ±3%

Angle Tolerance (Clause 4.3.3):

• For right-angled sides and edges:
  • Use a builder's square.
  • Maximum deviation from 90° is limited by the gap between the square's inner edge and tile side.
  • Max gap = 3 mm per 300 mm run.

Summary Table for Tolerances:

IS 3951 Part 1: Physical Properties of Clay Roofing Tiles

Key Formulas and Specifications

• Bulk Density (D):
  [ D = \frac{w}{v} ]

  • w = weight of dry specimen (kg) at 110℃ to constant weight
  • v = bulk volume (m³), measured excluding grooves
  • Units: kg/m³ (accuracy 0.1 units)

• Breaking Strength:

  • Minimum breaking load = 10 kgf/cm length (Annex A procedure)

• Water Absorption:

  • Maximum water absorption = 15% by mass (Annex B procedure)
  • Alternate max water absorption = 10% (if agreed)

Dimensional Tolerances (Clause 5.1.1)

• Length measured as average of four longest faces to nearest mm.
• Standard sizes range from 340 mm to 740 mm length, width 200-350 mm, height 80-110 mm.

Summary Table: Tile Sizes (mm)

flowchart LR
    A[Dry Tile Weight (w)] --> C[Calculate Bulk Density (D = w/v)]
    B[Measure Bulk Volume (v)] --> C
    C --> D[Check Bulk Density (kg/m³)]
    E[Breaking Load Test] --> F[Minimum 10 kgf/cm length]
    G[Water Absorption Test] --> H[Max 15% (or 10% agreed)]

This concise summary covers the essential physical property tests and dimensional standards per IS 3951 Part 1.

Breaking Strength of Hollow Clay Filler Tiles (IS 3951 Part 1:2009)

• Test Specimen: Minimum 6 tiles, dried at 110°C to constant weight.

• Bulk Density (D):
  [ D = \frac{w}{v} ] where
  ( w ) = dry weight (kg),
  ( v ) = bulk volume (m³) (external dimensions without grooves).
  Expressed in kg/m³ (accuracy 0.1 units).

• Breaking Strength Requirement:
  Minimum breaking load = 10 kgf/cm length.

• Test Setup (Annex A-2.1):

  • Tile simply supported at extreme shell walls (center of supports).
  • Load applied on a 20 mm wide steel plate, centered along tile length, parallel to supports.
  • Load applied until failure to measure breaking load.

• Water Absorption (related quality check):
  Max 15% by mass (alternate 10% if agreed).

Summary Table:

flowchart LR
    A[Tile Sample] --> B[Dry at 110°C]
    B --> C[Measure weight (w)]
    B --> D[Measure volume (v)]
    C & D --> E[Calculate Bulk Density D = w/v]
    E --> F[Setup tile on supports]
    F --> G[Apply load on 20mm steel plate]
    G --> H[Record Breaking Load ≥ 10 kgf/cm length]

This ensures tiles meet structural performance and durability as per IS 3951 Part 1.

IS 3951 Part 1: Water Absorption of Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Max Water Absorption: 15% by mass (can be 10% if purchaser specifies)
• Drying Temperature: 110°C to 115°C until constant mass
• Test Temperature: Water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours

Test Procedure (Annex B):

1. Drying: Dry at 110-115°C to constant weight, cool, weigh dry mass ( W_1 ).
2. Soaking: Immerse specimen in water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hrs.
3. Weighing: Remove, wipe surface water, weigh saturated mass ( W_2 ) within 3 minutes.

Formula for Water Absorption (% by mass):

[ \text{Water Absorption} = \frac{W_2 - W_1}{W_1} \times 100 ]

where:

• ( W_1 ) = dry mass
• ( W_2 ) = mass after soaking

Bulk Density (Clause 6.1.1):

[ D = \frac{w}{v} ]

• ( w ) = dry weight (kg)
• ( v ) = bulk volume (m³) (external dimensions without grooves)
• ( D ) range: 900 to 1200 kg/m³

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Dry Tile at 110-115°C] --> B[Weigh Dry Mass (W1)]
    B --> C[Soak in Water at 27±2°C for 24h]
    C --> D[Remove & Wipe Surface Water]
    D --> E[Weigh Saturated Mass (W2)]
    E --> F[Calculate Water Absorption %]

This ensures quality control for tiles per IS 3951

IS 3951 Part 1 (2009) – Sampling for Ceramic Tiles

Key Sampling Procedure (Clause 9.1)

• Sample Size:
  • Select 25 tiles at random for every 2,500 tiles or fraction thereof in a lot.
  • Minimum sample size per lot = 25 tiles.

Additional Specifications

• Sampling is done by the purchaser or representative.
• The sample is used to check requirements from Clauses 4 to 7 (e.g., dimensions, water absorption, breaking strength).
• Final test values must be rounded off as per IS 2:1960 (standard rounding rules).

Summary Table for Sampling

(Sample size = 25 × number of 2,500 tile units or fraction)

Notes

• Definitions and terms follow IS 2248.
• Sampling ensures representativeness and compliance verification.

flowchart TD
    A[Lot of Tiles] --> B{Lot Size ≤ 2500?}
    B -- Yes --> C[Select 25 tiles]
    B -- No --> D[Divide lot by 2500]
    D --> E[Multiply quotient by 25]
    E --> F[Select that many tiles]

This ensures statistically valid sampling for quality control.

IS 3951 (Part 1) – Marking Specifications for Hollow Clay Filler Tiles

Key Marking Requirements (Clause 10.1 & 10.2)

Each tile shall be clearly and indelibly marked with:

• Source Identification: Manufacturer's name or trademark.
• Tile Type Mark:
  • Mark "Filler" or "F" to indicate filler tile.
• Batch/Control Unit Number: For traceability.

BIS Standard Mark (Clause 10.2)

• Tiles may bear the BIS Standard Mark under license.
• Use governed by Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986.
• License conditions available from BIS.

Summary Table for Marking

Additional Notes

• Marking must be indelible and clear for quality control and traceability.
• Refer to Figure 4 for typical tile shape (not marking but useful for identification).

flowchart TD
    A[Tile] --> B{Marking}
    B --> C[Manufacturer ID]
    B --> D[Tile Type ("F" or "Filler")]
    B --> E[Batch Number]
    B --> F[BIS Standard Mark (Optional)]

This ensures proper identification and compliance with IS 3951 Part 1.

IS 3951 Part 1: Method of Test for Determination of Breaking Strength

Key Specifications & Procedure (Annex A)

• Test Specimens: Minimum 6 tiles selected randomly.

• Drying: Dry tiles at 110°C to constant weight; cool and weigh.

• Bulk Density (D):
  [ D = \frac{w}{v} ] where
  ( w ) = weight of dry sample (kg),
  ( v ) = bulk volume (m³) measured excluding grooves.

• Breaking Strength Requirement:
  Minimum breaking load = 10 kgf/cm length.

Test Setup (Clause 2.1 & A-2.1)

• Tiles supported at centers of extreme shell walls without mortar.
• Load applied centrally over entire tile length using a 20 mm wide steel plate.
• Load magnitude = 10 kgf/cm length.
• Tiles must not break or crack under this load.

Summary Table

flowchart LR
    A[Test Specimens (≥6)] --> B[Dry at 110°C to constant weight]
    B --> C[Measure weight (w) and bulk volume (v)]
    C --> D[Calculate bulk density D = w/v]
    D --> E[Support tiles at shell wall centers]
    E --> F[Apply 10 kgf/cm load via 20 mm steel plate]
    F --> G{Tile breaks or cracks?}
    G -- No --> H[Pass test]
    G -- Yes --> I[Fail test]

This ensures tiles meet minimum structural strength as per IS 3951 (Part 1).

IS 3951 (Part 1) - Water Absorption Test of Tiles

Key Specifications:

• Maximum water absorption: 15% by mass (alternate 10% if specified)
• Test temperature: Water at 27 ± 2°C
• Drying temperature: 110°C to 115°C
• Test duration: 24 hours immersion

Test Procedure (Annex B):

1. Select 6 random tiles.
2. Dry specimens in a ventilated oven at 110-115°C until constant mass.
3. Cool to room temperature and weigh dry mass ( W_1 ).
4. Immerse completely in water at 27 ± 2°C for 24 hours.
5. Remove, wipe surface water, weigh wet mass ( W_2 ) within 3 minutes.

Formula for Water Absorption (% by mass):

[ \text{Water Absorption} = \frac{W_2 - W_1}{W_1} \times 100 ]

Where:

• ( W_1 ) = mass of dry specimen
• ( W_2 ) = mass after soaking

Bulk Density Calculation (Clause 6.1.1):

[ D = \frac{w}{v} ]

Where:

• ( w ) = dry weight (kg)
• ( v ) = bulk volume (m³) (external dimensions without grooves)
• ( D ) = bulk density (kg/m³)

Summary Diagram (Water Absorption Test Flow):

flowchart TD
    A[Select 6 Tiles] --> B[Dry at 110-115°C to constant mass]
    B --> C[Cool & Weigh dry mass (W1)]
    C --> D[Immerse in water at 27±2°C for 24 hrs]
    D --> E[Remove, wipe surface, weigh wet mass (W2)]
    E --> F[Calculate Water Absorption %]

This test ensures tiles meet durability and quality standards by limiting water absorption, crucial for performance in service conditions.

Committee Composition - IS 3951 (Part 1)

The Clay Products for Buildings Sectional Committee, CED 30 is responsible for formulating this standard. The composition includes representatives from:

• Research Institutes: Central Building Research Institute (Roorkee), Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, National Test House.
• Government Departments: Central Public Works Department, Delhi Development Authority, Public Works Department (Chennai), Department of Atomic Energy.
• Industry Representatives: All India Brick & Tile Manufacturers, Tamil Nadu Bricks & Tile Association, U.P. Brick Kiln Association.
• Others: Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited, Research Designs and Standards Organization.

Key Officials:

• Chairman: Dr. J. M. Bhatnagar
• Member Secretary: Shri S. Arun Kumar (Scientist 'B', BIS)

Summary Table of Committee Composition

Additional Notes:

• The committee ensures standards cover testing procedures, material specifications, and quality control.
• The full list with alternates is detailed in Annex C of IS 3951 (Part 1).

If you need specific test procedures or formulas (e.g., water absorption), refer to Annex B of the code for detailed calculation methods.