Glossary of terms relating to stones, quarrying and dressing

IS 1805: Scope Summary

IS 1805 (1973, Reaffirmed 2003) covers specifications and methods related to natural building stones. It is prepared by the Stones Sectional Committee (BDC 6) under the Civil Engineering Division Council.

Key Points on Scope:

• Applies to natural stones used in construction.
• Covers terminology, classification, testing methods, and dressing of stones.
• Includes tools like Trammel and Scriber for marking stones (Clause 4.34).
• Specifies quality and workmanship standards for stone masonry.

Important:

• No detailed formulas or tables for design in the scope clause.
• Testing and classification methods detailed in later clauses.

Contact & Reference:

• Central Laboratory: Plot No. 20/9, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010
• Regional Offices available across India (Delhi, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Chennai, Mumbai, etc.)

For design and testing, refer to specific clauses in IS 1805 or related codes like IS 456 for concrete masonry with stones.

flowchart LR
    A[IS 1805 Scope] --> B[Stone Types & Classification]
    A --> C[Testing Methods]
    A --> D[Dressing & Tools]
    A --> E[Quality Standards]

Summary: IS 1805 defines the scope for natural stone usage, testing, and workmanship, but detailed design formulas are not included in the scope section.

IS 1805 - General Terms and Definitions (Stone Quarrying & Dressing)

• Scope: Defines terminology related to stone used in construction, quarrying, dressing, and tools.
• Reference Standards:
  • Geology & Mining Terms: IS 5940-1970
  • Blasting Terms: IS 4863-1968
  • Rock Classification for Building: IS 1123-1957
  • Masonry Construction Terms: IS 1597 (Part I) - 1967

Key Definitions (Summary)

Important Notes:

• This standard primarily provides a glossary; it does not include formulas.
• For detailed classifications and technical parameters, refer to the respective IS codes mentioned.

flowchart TD
    A[Stone Quarrying] --> B[Extraction at Quarry]
    B --> C[Dressing & Shaping]
    C --> D[Use in Construction]
    A --> E[Tools: Chisels, Wedges]
    A --> F[Natural Features: Beds, Joints]

Summary: IS 1805 standardizes terminology for stone quarrying and dressing, ensuring uniform understanding across engineering and construction fields. For technical data and classifications, consult referenced IS codes.

IS 1805 - Terms Relating to Stone Finishes and Surfaces

This standard primarily defines terms related to stone quarrying, dressing, and tools, not detailed formulas or tables. Key points:

• Scope: Covers definitions for stone used in construction, quarrying methods, dressing techniques, and tools.
• Related Standards for Details:
  • IS 5940-1970: Glossary for geology/mining terms.
  • IS 4863-1968: Blasting terminology.
  • IS 1123-1957: Rock classification for building.
  • IS 1597 (Part I)-1967: Masonry construction terms.

Common Stone Finish Terms (from IS 1805 context):

• Rough Quarry Face: Natural broken surface after quarrying.
• Hammered Finish: Surface dressed with hammer blows.
• Polished Finish: Smooth, glossy surface by grinding and polishing.
• Bush Hammered: Textured surface created by a bush hammer tool.

No direct formulas or tables in IS 1805; for design or strength data, refer to IS 1123 and masonry codes.

flowchart LR
    A[Stone Quarrying] --> B[Breaking & Dressing]
    B --> C[Surface Finishes]
    C --> D[Rough Quarry Face]
    C --> E[Hammered Finish]
    C --> F[Polished Finish]
    C --> G[Bush Hammered]

For detailed mechanical properties or design, use IS 1123 and masonry standards.

IS 1805 primarily defines terms related to stone quarrying and dressing but does not provide detailed specifications or tables for tools used.

Key Points on Tools for Quarrying and Dressing (from IS 1805 and related IS codes):

• Tools Covered: Chisels, hammers, wedges, plugs, feathers, crowbars, and drills.
• Reference Standards:
  • IS 5940-1970: Blasting tools and explosives.
  • IS 4863-1968: Mining and blasting terminology.
  • IS 1123-1957: Rock classification.
  • IS 1597 (Part I)-1967: Masonry construction tools and terms.

Common Tools & Their Uses:

Practical Notes:

• Tools should be durable, hardened steel.
• Proper tool selection depends on stone type and desired finish (e.g., rough quarrying vs. fine dressing).

graph LR
A[Quarrying] --> B[Breaking Tools]
A --> C[Splitting Tools]
A --> D[Dressing Tools]

B --> Hammer
C --> Wedges & Feathers
D --> Chisels & Drills

For detailed tool dimensions and specifications, refer to IS 1597 and IS 5940.

IS 1805 primarily provides definitions and terminology related to stone quarrying and dressing, rather than detailed operational formulas or techniques.

Key Points from IS 1805:

• Scope: Defines terms related to stone quarrying, dressing, and tools used.
• References for detailed info:
  • Geology & Mining Terms: IS 5940-1970
  • Blasting: IS 4863-1968
  • Rock Classification for Building: IS 1123-1957
  • Masonry Construction Terms: IS 1597 (Part I) - 1967

Typical Quarrying Operations (General Engineering Knowledge):

• Quarrying Techniques:
  • Drilling and blasting to detach rock.
  • Splitting using wedges and feathers.
  • Cutting with diamond wire or saws.
• Tools:
  • Hammers, chisels, wedges, feathers.
  • Pneumatic drills.

Basic Formula for Quarrying Volume Estimation:

[ \text{Volume} = \text{Length} \times \text{Width} \times \text{Height} ]

Example Table: Common Stone Types & Uses (from IS 1123)

flowchart LR
    A[Quarrying Operations] --> B[Drilling & Blasting]
    A --> C[Splitting & Dressing]
    A --> D[Transportation]
    B --> E[Use of Explosives]
    C --> F[Tools: Wedges, Feathers, Hammers]

Summary: For detailed quarrying techniques, blasting, and rock classification, refer to IS 5940, IS 4863, and IS 1123 alongside IS 1805 glossary.

IS 1805 (1973) primarily provides glossary and definitions related to stones, quarrying, and dressing rather than detailed formulas or tables on stone defects or natural properties.

Key Points on Stone Defects and Natural Properties (General Engineering Knowledge):

• Common Stone Defects:

  • Cracks and fissures
  • Weathering and discoloration
  • Inclusions and veins
  • Porosity and cavities
  • Uneven texture or grain

• Natural Properties to Consider:

  • Density: Typically 2.4 to 2.8 g/cm³
  • Compressive Strength: 30 to 250 MPa depending on stone type
  • Water Absorption: Should be < 5% for good quality building stones
  • Durability: Resistance to weathering and chemical attack

Important Specification Checks:

Visual Concept: Stone Defects

graph TD
    A[Stone] --> B[Cracks/Fissures]
    A --> C[Weathering]
    A --> D[Inclusions]
    A --> E[Porosity]
    A --> F[Discoloration]

For detailed testing methods and acceptance criteria, refer to IS 1121 (Methods of Tests for Stones) and IS 1387 (Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates).

IS 1805: Surface Treatment and Dressing Methods - Key Points

Definitions:

• Punched Dressing (Clause 3.20)

  • Finish by punching a rough tooled surface with a punch chisel.
  • Produces ridges.
  • Gap under a straight edge ≤ 3 mm.

• Two-Line Dressed (Clause 3.28)

  • Same as punched dressing (see 3.20).

• Palmane Dressing (Clause 3.16)

  • Finish done in two stages after two-line dressing to get a uniform surface.
  • Tool: Palmane — square end 4 cm × 4 cm, cutting face 3 cm × 3 cm.

Summary Table:

Notes:

• These finishes improve stone aesthetics and mechanical interlock in masonry.
• Gap under straight edge is a key quality control parameter for surface flatness.

flowchart LR
    A[Rough Tooled Surface] --> B[Punched Dressing]
    B --> C[Series of Ridges]
    C --> D[Gap ≤ 3 mm under straight edge]

    A --> E[Two-Line Dressing]
    E --> B

    B --> F[Palmane Dressing]
    F --> G[Uniform Surface Finish]

This concise summary helps ensure compliance with IS 1805 surface dressing requirements.

IS 1805: Blasting and Drilling Terminology - Key Points

• Blasting (Clause 2.1): Breaking rock by drilling holes, filling with explosives, and firing.
• Drilling (Clause 2.4): Making holes in rock for blasting or other purposes.

Important References for Detailed Terminology:

Typical Blasting & Drilling Terms:

• Blast Hole: Hole drilled to place explosives.
• Charge: Explosive material in the blast hole.
• Bench: Horizontal layer of rock in quarrying.
• Spalling: Breaking off thin layers of rock.
• Drill Diameter: Usually 32mm to 50mm for quarrying.
• Burden: Distance from blast hole to free face.
• Spacing: Distance between blast holes.

Basic Formula for Burden and Spacing:

[ \text{Burden} = 25 \times \text{Hole Diameter (mm)} \quad \text{to} \quad 30 \times \text{Hole Diameter} ] [ \text{Spacing} = 1.2 \times \text{Burden} ]

flowchart LR
    A[Drilling] --> B[Blast Hole]
    B --> C[Charge Placement]
    C --> D[Firing]
    D --> E[Rock Breakage]

Summary: IS 1805 provides basic definitions; detailed blasting and drilling terms and practices are covered in IS 5940 and IS 4863. Use standard burden and spacing formulas to optimize blasting efficiency.

IS 1805: Glossary of Common Stoneworking Terms

This standard provides definitions and explanations of terms related to:

• Stone quarrying (extraction from the earth)
• Stone dressing (shaping and finishing)
• Tools used in stoneworking

Key Points:

• It focuses exclusively on construction-use stones.
• For geology/mining terms, refer to IS 5940-1970.
• For blasting terminology, refer to IS 4863-1968.
• For rock classification, see IS 1123-1957.
• For masonry construction terms, see IS 1597 (Part I)-1967.

Typical Terms Included:

• Quarrying Terms: Bench, face, vein, seam, overburden, etc.
• Dressing Terms: Ashlar, rubble, hammer dressing, pitching, etc.
• Tools: Chisel, hammer, plug and feathers, point, etc.

Example Table: Common Stoneworking Terms

This glossary aids engineers and masons in standardized communication and ensures uniform understanding of stoneworking processes in construction.