Ceramic Tiles - Methods of the test, Sampling and Basis of Acceptance, Part 12: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion - Unglazed tiles (see IS 13630: Parts 1 to 15)

IS 13630 Part 12: Scope - Key Specifications & Tables

• Measuring Gauge: Must measure to 0.1 mm accuracy (Clause 5.2).

• Test Specimens: Details not specified here, refer to related standards as adjuncts.

• Rounding Off: Follow IS 2:1960 rules for rounding test results, retaining significant figures as per specified values.

• Test Report Must Include:

  • Tile description
  • Chord length (nearest 0.5 mm)
  • Volume (V) (mm³) for each groove
  • Average volume (V_m) (mm³)

Table 1: Equivalent Values (Clause 8.2)

(Refer to full table for intermediate values.)

Notes:

• Chord length is defined as per Fig. 2 of the standard.
• Volume (V) corresponds to groove volume in mm³.
• Use this table to convert measured chord lengths to volume values for testing.

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Groove Chord Length] --> B[Round to nearest 0.5 mm]
    B --> C[Use Table 1 to find Volume V]
    C --> D[Calculate average Volume Vm]
    D --> E[Prepare Test Report]

This scope ensures precise measurement and reporting for tile groove volume testing as per IS 13630 Part 12.

IS 13630 (Part 12): Key References, Formulas & Tables

1. Test Report Requirements (Clause 8.2)

• Tile Description
• Chord length (l): measured to nearest 0.5 mm
• Volume (V): volume of each groove in mm³
• Average volume (Vm) in mm³

2. Definition of Chord (Fig. 2)

• Chord length (l) is the straight-line distance across each groove.

3. Table 1: Equivalent Values of Chord Length (l) vs Volume (V) (Clause 8.2)

(Refer full table for intermediate values)

4. Measurement Tools (Clause 5.2)

• Use a Measuring Gauge capable of 0.1 mm accuracy.

Summary Diagram: Volume Measurement Process

flowchart TD
    A[Tile Groove] --> B[Measure Chord Length (l)]
    B --> C[Use Table 1 to find Volume (V)]
    C --> D[Calculate Average Volume (Vm)]
    D --> E[Prepare Test Report]

Notes:

• The volume values correspond to groove sizes and help in quality control of tiles.
• BIS copyright restricts reproduction without permission but allows use in implementation.

For detailed values and amendments, refer to the full IS 13630 (Part 12): 2006 document.

IS 13630 Part 12: Definitions - Key Formulas, Tables & Specifications

Key Definitions:

• Chord Length (l): The straight-line distance across each groove in the tile, measured to the nearest 0.5 mm.
• Volume (V): Volume of each individual groove in cubic millimeters (mm³).
• Average Volume (Vm): Average groove volume in mm³.

Measurement Requirements (Clause 8.2)

• Use a measuring gauge capable of 0.1 mm accuracy (Clause 5.2).
• Report must include:
  • Tile description
  • Chord length (l)
  • Volume (V) of each groove
  • Average volume (Vm)

Table 1: Equivalent Values of Chord Length (l) and Volume (V) (Excerpt)

Volumes increase non-linearly with chord length.

Summary Diagram: Groove Measurement

flowchart LR
    A[Tile Surface] --> B[Groove]
    B --> C[Measure Chord Length (l)]
    B --> D[Calculate Volume (V) of Groove]
    D --> E[Average Volume (Vm) over grooves]

Note: Use Table 1 for converting chord length to groove volume for quality control and reporting in tile testing.

IS 13630 (Part 12) - Abrasive Material Key Points

• Abrasive Material Specification:

  • Silicon carbide per IS 11643:1985 for bonded abrasive products.
  • White fused aluminum oxide must conform to Grit No. 80 grain size as per Table 1, IS 11643.

• Abrasion Test Apparatus (Fig.1):

  • Disc: Fe 410-S steel (IS 2062), diameter = 200 ± 0.2 mm, thickness = 10 ± 0.1 mm.
  • Rotation speed: 75 rev/min.
  • Pressure adjusted by calibration against Austrian Standard Granite.
  • After 300 revolutions, the abrasion produces a 32 mm chord length on the specimen.

• Test Setup Components:

  1. Test Specimen Clamp
  2. Fixing Screw
  3. Test Specimen
  4. Storage Hopper for Abrasive Material
  5. Even-Flow Funnel
  6. Counterweight

Abrasion Test Pressure Calibration

• Pressure is set such that the abrasion chord after 300 revolutions equals 32 mm.
• This ensures consistent abrasion force for comparative testing.

Grain Size Reference (IS 11643 Table 1 excerpt for Grit No. 80):

flowchart LR
    A[Test Specimen] -->|Pressed against| B[Steel Disc (Fe 410-S)]
    B -->|Rotates at 75 rpm| C[Abrasive Material Flow]
    C --> D[Storage Hopper] --> E[Even-Flow Funnel]
    A --> F[Test Specimen Clamp]
    F --> G[Fixing Screw]
    C --> H[Counterweight]

This setup ensures standardized abrasion testing of materials using specified abrasive grains and apparatus dimensions.

IS 13630 Part 12: Test Apparatus Key Details

• Measuring Gauge (Clause 5.2):

  • Accuracy: 0.1 mm

• Rotating Disc (Clause 5.1.1):

  • Material: Fe 410-S steel (IS 2062)
  • Diameter: 200 ± 0.2 mm
  • Edge Thickness: 10 ± 0.1 mm
  • Speed: 75 revolutions/minute

• Pressure Calibration:

  • Adjust pressure so that after 300 revolutions, the wear chord on the test specimen is 32 mm when tested against Austrian Standard Granite.

• Apparatus Components (Fig. 1):

  1. Test Specimen Clamp
  2. Fixing Screw
  3. Test Specimen
  4. Storage Hopper for Abrasive Material
  5. Even-Flow Funnel
  6. Counterweight

• Specimen Preparation (Clause 6.2):

  • Test specimens must be clean and dry before testing.

Summary Table

flowchart LR
    A[Storage Hopper] --> B[Even-Flow Funnel]
    B --> C[Abrasive Material on Disc]
    C --> D[Rotating Disc (Fe 410-S)]
    D --> E[Test Specimen]
    E --> F[Test Specimen Clamp & Fixing Screw]
    F --> G[Counterweight]

This setup ensures controlled abrasion testing with reproducible pressure and wear measurement.

IS 13630 Part 12: Test Specimens Summary

• Clause 5.2: Measuring Gauge

  • Use a gauge capable of measuring to 0.1 mm accuracy.

• Clause 6.1: Types of Test Specimens

  • Tests can be on whole tiles or suitably dimensioned specimens.
  • Small specimens must be fixed with adhesive onto a larger background, ensuring no joints in the test area.

• Clause 6.2: Preparation

  • Specimens must be clean and dry before testing.

• Clause 6.3: Number of Test Specimens

  • Test a minimum of 5 specimens for reliable results.

Key Specifications Table

This ensures consistent, repeatable testing conditions as per IS 13630 Part 12.

IS 13630 Part 12: Test Procedure Key Points

• Measuring Gauge (Clause 5.2):
  Use a gauge capable of measuring dimensions to 0.1 mm accuracy.

• Test Specimens (Clause 6):

  • Preparation (6.2): Specimens must be clean and dry before testing.
  • Number (6.3): Test at least 5 specimens for reliable results.

• Rounding Off (General Clause):
  Final test values must be rounded according to IS 2:1960 rules, maintaining the same number of significant digits as the standard’s specified values.

Summary Table

flowchart TD
    A[Start Test Procedure] --> B[Prepare Specimens]
    B --> C{Are specimens clean & dry?}
    C -- Yes --> D[Measure using 0.1 mm gauge]
    C -- No --> B
    D --> E[Test at least 5 specimens]
    E --> F[Calculate Results]
    F --> G[Round off as per IS 2:1960]
    G --> H[Report Final Values]

This ensures accurate, consistent, and standardized test results per IS 13630 Part 12.

IS 13630 Part 12: Expression of Results - Key Points

1. Rounding Off (Clause None):

   • Final test/analysis values must be rounded per IS 2:1960 rules.
   • Retain the same number of significant digits as specified in the standard.

2. Measuring Gauge (Clause 5.2):

   • Use a gauge with accuracy up to 0.1 mm.

3. Test Report Must Include (Clause 8.2):

   • Tile description
   • Chord length (nearest 0.5 mm)
   • Volume ( V ) of each groove (mm³)
   • Average volume ( V_m ) (mm³)

4. Volume-Chord Length Table (Table 1, Clause 8.2):

   • Provides equivalent volume ( V ) values for given chord lengths (mm).
   • Example extract:

5. Note on Relief Surfaces (Clause 7.3):
   • Relief projections may be ground off if interfering with abrasion test, but results differ from plane-surfaced tiles.

Summary Formula for Volume ( V ) from Chord Length ( l ):

Use Table 1 for direct volume values corresponding to measured chord length ( l ) (mm).

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Chord Length (l)] --> B[Round to nearest 0.5 mm]
    B --> C[Look up Volume V in Table 1]
    C --> D[Record Volume V (mm³)]
    D --> E[Calculate Average Volume Vm]
    E --> F[Prepare Test Report]

Ensure all measurements and results comply with IS 2:1960 rounding and reporting rules for consistency

IS 13630 Part 12: Basis of Acceptance - Key Points

Test Report Requirements (Clause 8.2)

• Tile Description
• Chord length (l) of each groove (nearest 0.5 mm)
• Volume (V) of each groove in mm³
• Average volume (Vm) in mm³

Measuring Instrument

• Gauge capable of measuring to 0.1 mm (Clause 5.2)

Volume-Chord Length Relationship (Table 1)

(Refer to full Table 1 for intermediate values)

Usage

• Measure chord length of grooves on tiles.
• Use Table 1 to find equivalent groove volume.
• Average groove volume (Vm) determines acceptance.

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Chord Length (l)] --> B[Find Volume V from Table 1]
    B --> C[Calculate Average Volume Vm]
    C --> D{Vm meets acceptance criteria?}
    D -->|Yes| E[Accept Tiles]
    D -->|No| F[Reject Tiles]

This ensures consistent quality by correlating groove size and volume with acceptance criteria.

IS 13630 Part 12: Sampling Key Points

• Reference Standard: Sampling follows ISO 10545-1:1995 (Ceramic tiles - Sampling & acceptance basis).

• Rounding Off: Results must be rounded per IS 2:1960 rules, keeping significant digits consistent with the specified value.

• Sampling & Acceptance: Detailed in IS 13711:1993, now merged with Part 15 of IS 13630.

• Measuring Gauge: Use a gauge capable of measuring to 0.1 mm accuracy (Clause 5.2).

• Test Specimens: Sampling involves selecting specimens representative of the batch for testing (Clause 6).

Typical Sampling Procedure (from IS 13711 / ISO 10545-1):

• n: Number of samples taken from the batch.
• Ac: Maximum number of defective samples allowed to accept the batch.
• Re: Minimum number of defective samples to reject the batch.

Summary Diagram: Sampling & Acceptance Flow

flowchart TD
    A[Select batch] --> B[Random sampling of specimens]
    B --> C[Measure/test specimens with 0.1 mm gauge]
    C --> D{Number of defects ≤ Ac?}
    D -- Yes --> E[Accept batch]
    D -- No --> F[Reject batch]

Use this framework to ensure compliance with IS 13630 Part 12 sampling requirements.