Ceramic Tiles - methods of test, Sampling and Basis of Acceptance, Part 11: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion - Glazed tiles [see IS 13630 (Parts 1 to 15)]

IS 13630 Part 11: Scope - Key Points & Specifications

• Scope: Defines test methods and requirements for evaluating glass surface properties, including gloss and abrasion resistance.

• Gloss Change Measurement (Clause 3.2):

  • Measure 60° specular gloss on float bath side, backed by matt black surface.

  • Abrade specimen for 1000 revolutions.

  • Rinse, dry, and remeasure gloss.

  • Calculate % loss in gloss:

    [ \text{Gloss Loss %} = \frac{\text{Initial Gloss} - \text{Final Gloss}}{\text{Initial Gloss}} \times 100 ]

  • Acceptance: Mean loss in gloss = 50 ± 5%.

• Rounding Off (IS 2:1960): Final test values rounded to same significant digits as specified values.

• Safety Note: UV lamps (254-365 nm) used require protective goggles.

Summary Table: Gloss Loss Acceptance

flowchart TD
    A[Initial Gloss Measurement] --> B[Abrasion for 1000 revolutions]
    B --> C[Rinse & Dry Specimen]
    C --> D[Final Gloss Measurement]
    D --> E[Calculate % Gloss Loss]
    E --> F{Is Gloss Loss within 45-55%?}
    F -- Yes --> G[Pass Abrasion Test]
    F -- No --> H[Fail Abrasion Test]

For detailed procedures, refer to Clause 3.2 and IS 2:1960 for rounding rules.

IS 13630 Part 11: References - Key Points

• Gloss Measurement (Clause 3.2):

  • Measure 60° specular gloss on float bath side, backed by matt black surface.
  • Abrade specimen for 1000 revolutions, rinse, dry, remeasure gloss.
  • Calculate % loss in gloss; mean loss should be 50 ± 5% for abrasion apparatus acceptance.

• UV Radiation Warning:

  • Use UV filter lamp with peak output 254–365 nm.
  • UV radiation harmful to eyes; wear protective UV filter goggles.

• Rounding Off (IS 2:1960):

  • Final test/analysis results must be rounded off per IS 2 rules.
  • Retain significant figures consistent with specified values.

• Standards & Copyright:

  • BIS holds copyright; reproduction requires permission except for implementation details.

• Contact & Offices:

  • Headquarters: Manak Bhavan, New Delhi.
  • Regional offices in major cities (Delhi, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Chennai, Mumbai).
  • Multiple branches nationwide.

Gloss Loss Calculation Formula

[ \text{Gloss Loss %} = \frac{\text{Initial Gloss} - \text{Final Gloss}}{\text{Initial Gloss}} \times 100 ]

Summary Table: Abrasion Test Acceptance

flowchart TD
  A[Measure Initial Gloss] --> B[Abrade specimen (1000 revolutions)]
  B --> C[Rinse & Dry specimen]
  C --> D[Measure Final Gloss]
  D --> E[Calculate % Gloss Loss]
  E --> F{Is Gloss Loss 50 ± 5%?}
  F -- Yes --> G[Accept Abrasion Apparatus]
  F -- No --> H[Reject / Calibrate Apparatus]

For detailed testing procedures and further references, consult IS 13630 Part 11 and related BIS standards.

IS 13630 Part 11 – Definitions: Key Points

The provided context does not explicitly list definitions but references related standards and testing methods.

Key References for Definitions:

• ISO 13006:1998 — Ceramic tiles definitions, classification, characteristics, and marking.
• Gloss measurement and abrasion test (Clause 3.2) define surface quality parameters:
  • 60° Specular Gloss measured on float bath side.
  • Abrasion test: 1000 revolutions, mean gloss loss should be 50 ± 5%.

Important Specifications:

• Gloss Measurement Setup:

  • Backing: matt black surface (e.g., black velvet).
  • Cleaning: immersion in water with detergent at 75 ± 5°C for 1 hour if initial gloss unstable.

• UV Radiation Warning:

  • UV lamp peak output: 254–365 nm.
  • Protective goggles mandatory.

Summary Table: Abrasion Test Gloss Loss

flowchart LR
A[Specimen Preparation] --> B[Gloss Measurement at 60°]
B --> C[Abrasion Test (1000 revolutions)]
C --> D[Clean & Dry Specimen]
D --> E[Re-measure Gloss at 60°]
E --> F[Calculate % Gloss Loss]
F --> G{Is Loss within 50 ± 5%?}
G -->|Yes| H[Apparatus Satisfactory]
G -->|No| I[Review Test Setup]

For detailed definitions, consult ISO 13006:1998 as referenced.

Abrasion Apparatus (IS 13630 Part 11) - Key Specifications & Formulas

Apparatus Details (Clause 5.1)

• Supporting plate diameter: 580 mm
• Test specimen size: ≥ 100 mm × 100 mm
• Distance from center to specimen: 195 mm
• Rotation speed: 300 rpm
• Equal spacing between specimen positions on the plate

Test Procedure (Clauses 3.1, 7.2, 7.8)

• Dry specimens at 110 ± 5°C before and after abrasion.
• Abrade specimens for 6,000 revolutions.
• Measure mass loss and abraded area.
• Abrasive load introduced via a metal holder clamped on glazed surface.
• Abrasion stages: 100, 150, 600, 750, 1,500, 2,100, 6,000, 12,000 revolutions.
• Remove specimens at each stage for inspection.

Key Formula: Mass Loss per Unit Area

[ \text{Mean Mass Loss} = \frac{\text{Initial Mass} - \text{Final Mass}}{\text{Abraded Area}} \quad \text{(mg/mm}^2) ]

• Satisfactory apparatus criterion:
  [ 0.032 \pm 0.002 , \text{mg/mm}^2 ]

Classification Table (Clause 8, Table 1)

*Class 5 requires passing stain resistance test (IS 13630 Part 8).

Summary of Test Report Contents

• Tile description
• Specimen preparation
• Test method
• Classification result
• Abrasion stage of failure
• Mass loss and optional properties (color/gloss change)

flowchart LR
    A[Prepare Specimens] --> B[Dry at 110 ± 5°C]

IS 13630 (Part 11) - Test Specimens: Key Points

1. Types of Test Specimens (Clause 6.1)

• Specimens typically have facial dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm.
• Smaller specimens must be fastened closely on a supporting material.
• Edge effects at narrow joints are ignored.

2. Number of Test Specimens (Clause 6.2)

• The standard specifies the number of specimens required, typically multiple to ensure repeatability (exact number depends on test type).

3. Apparatus & Specimen Holders

• Fig. 1: Apparatus with positions for eight specimen holders.
• Fig. 2: Details of a specimen holder.
• All dimensions are in millimetres.

4. Mass Loss Measurement (Clause 5.4)

• Use a balance for measuring mass loss of specimens.

Summary Table: Typical Specimen Dimensions

flowchart TD
    A[Test Specimens] --> B[Facial Dimensions: 100x100 mm]
    A --> C[Smaller Specimens: Fastened on Support]
    A --> D[Number of Specimens: Multiple]
    A --> E[Use Balance for Mass Loss]

This ensures consistent, reproducible testing per IS 13630 (Part 11).

IS 13630 Part 11: Test Procedure Summary

1. Test Specimens

• Types (Clause 6.1): Various types as per tile specifications.
• Number (Clause 6.2): Minimum 3 specimens for mass loss measurement.

2. Abrasion Test Procedure (Clause 7.8)

• Measure dry mass of 3 specimens before test.
• Abrade specimens up to 6,000 revolutions.
• Measure mass after 6,000 revolutions.
• Optionally test at 1,500, 2,100, 6,000 revolutions for stain resistance (IS 13630 Part 8).
• Additional properties (color, gloss) may be measured by agreement but not for classification.

3. Classification of Tiles (Clause 8, Table 1)

*Class 5 requires passing stain resistance test (Part 8).

4. Test Report Must Include

• Tile description
• Specimen preparation
• Test method
• Classification
• Abrasion stage of failure
• Mass loss, color/gloss change (if measured)

5. Calibration (Annex A)

• Use float glass ≥ 6 mm thick as reference.
• Identify float bath surface for calibration.

flowchart TD
    A[Prepare 3 Test Specimens] --> B[Measure Dry Mass]
    B --> C[Abrade up to 6,000 revolutions]
    C --> D[Measure Mass Loss]
    D --> E{Visual Failure?}
    E -- Yes --> F[Classify Tile (Table 1)]
    E -- No --> G[Check Stain Resistance (Part 8)]
    G --> H[Classify as Class 4 or 5]

This concise procedure ensures reliable abrasion resistance classification per IS 13630 Part 11.

IS 13630 Part 11: Visual Assessment & Mass Loss Measurement

Mass Loss Measurement (Clause 3.1: A-3.1)

• Procedure:
  • Dry specimens at 110 ± 5°C.
  • Measure initial mass (M₁).
  • Abrade for 6000 revolutions.
  • Rinse, dry again at 110 ± 5°C.
  • Measure final mass (M₂).
• Mass loss (ΔM):
  [ \Delta M = M_1 - M_2 \quad (\text{in mg}) ]
• Mean loss per unit area (A):
  [ \text{Mean loss} = \frac{\Delta M}{A} \quad (mg/mm^2) ]
• Acceptance criteria:
  [ 0.032 \pm 0.002 , mg/mm^2 ]

Apparatus Calibration

• Use mass loss or gloss change methods.
• Test specimens:
  • Eleven specimens for abrasion tests.
  • Eight specimens (100 mm × 100 mm) for visual assessment and calibration.

Balance (Clause 5.4)

• Use a balance with sufficient precision to detect mass loss in mg range.

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Start: Dry Specimen at 110±5°C]
    B[Measure Initial Mass M₁]
    C[Abrade for 6000 revolutions]
    D[Rinse and Dry at 110±5°C]
    E[Measure Final Mass M₂]
    F[Calculate Mass Loss ΔM = M₁ - M₂]
    G[Calculate Mean Loss per Area ΔM / A]
    H{Is Mean Loss within 0.032 ± 0.002 mg

IS 13630 Part 11: Classification of Results for Abrasion Testing of Glazed Ceramic Tiles

Key Specifications (Clause 8 & Table 1)

Tiles are classified based on the abrasion stage (number of revolutions) at which visual failure occurs:

¹ Class 5 requires passing stain resistance test per IS 13630 Part 8.

• If no visual failure after 12,000 revolutions but stains are not removable, classify as Class 4.
• Visual failure is assessed at specific abrasion stages.
• Mass loss, color, and gloss changes may be recorded but do not affect classification.

Procedure Notes (Clause 7.8 & 7.5)

• Mass loss is measured by weighing 3 dry specimens before and after 6,000 revolutions.
• Retesting is done at failure stage and adjacent stages; the lower abrasion stage is used if results differ.
• Results are rounded per IS 2:1960 rules.

Test Report Must Include

• Tile description
• Specimen preparation
• Test method
• Classification & failure abrasion stage
• Mass loss, color, gloss changes (if measured)

Summary Diagram

flowchart TD
    A[Test Specimens] --> B[Abrasion Testing]
    B --> C{Visual Failure at Revolutions?}
    C -->|Yes| D[Classify per Table 1]
    C -->|No| E{Stain Resistance Test}
    E -->|Pass| F[Class 5]
    E -->|Fail| G[Class 4]

This classification ensures standardized abrasion resistance evaluation for glazed ceramic tiles per IS 13630 Part 11.

IS 13630 Part 11: Test Report Key Points

1. Number & Types of Test Specimens

• Clause 6.1 & 6.2: Specifies types and number of specimens for abrasion testing (typically 3 specimens for mass loss measurement).

2. Abrasion Testing Procedure (Clause 7.8)

• Measure dry mass before and after 6,000 revolutions to determine mass loss.
• Additional tests (stain resistance, color/gloss change) done at agreed abrasion stages (1,500; 2,100; 6,000 revolutions).
• Additional properties cannot be used for classification.

3. Classification of Results (Clause 8 & Table 1)

*Class 5 requires passing stain resistance test (IS 13630 Part 8).

4. Test Report Must Include:

• Tile description
• Specimen preparation
• Test method
• Classification result
• Abrasion stage of visual failure
• Mass loss, color/gloss changes (if agreed)

5. Calibration (Annex A)

• Use float glass (≥6 mm thick) for abrasion apparatus calibration on float bath side.

flowchart TD
    A[Test Specimens Prepared] --> B[Abrasion Test Start]
    B --> C[Measure Mass Before Test]
    C --> D[Abrasion Revolutions (up to 12,000)]
    D --> E[Measure Mass After Test]
    E --> F{Visual Failure?}
    F -->|Yes| G[Record Abrasion Stage]
    F -->|No| H[Continue Test]
    G --> I[Classify Tile (Table 1)]
    I --> J[Prepare Test Report]

This summary ensures compliance with IS 13630 Part 11 for abrasion testing and classification of glazed ceramic tiles.

Calibration of Abrasion Apparatus Using Float Glass (IS 13630 Part 11)

Reference Material

• Float glass, minimum thickness 6 mm.
• Calibration performed on the float bath side identified by tin content (Energy Dispersive Analysis) or UV fluorescence.

Calibration Methods

1. Mass Loss Method (Clause 7.8, A-3.1)

   • Measure dry mass of 3 specimens (100 mm × 100 mm) before and after 6,000 revolutions.
   • Calculate mass lost during abrasion.

2. Gloss Change Method (Clause 3.2, A-3.2)

   • Measure 60° specular gloss on float bath side backed by matt black surface.
   • Abrade for 1,000 revolutions, rinse, dry, and remeasure gloss.
   • Calculate % loss in gloss:

   [ \text{Gloss Loss %} = \frac{\text{Initial Gloss} - \text{Final Gloss}}{\text{Initial Gloss}} \times 100 ]

   • Apparatus is satisfactory if mean gloss loss = 50 ± 5%.

Classification of Abrasion Resistance (Table 1)

¹ Must pass stain resistance test per IS 13630 Part 8.

Test Report Should Include:

• Tile description
• Specimen preparation
• Test method
• Classification
• Abrasion failure stage
• Mass loss, gloss change, color change (if agreed)

flowchart TD
    A[Start Calibration] --> B{Identify Float Bath Side}
    B -->|Tin Content (EDA)| C[Select 8 Specimens 100x100 mm]
    C --> D{Choose Calibration Method}
    D -->|Mass Loss| E[Measure Mass Before & After 6000 revolutions]
    D -->|Gloss Change| F[Measure 60°