Recommendations for preventive measures against hazards at workplaces, Part 5: Fire protection

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) - Scope Summary

• Scope: This part of IS 13416 deals with safety in construction related to heating facilities, fire protection, and necessary clearances.
• Key Specification:
  • Clause 6.13 mandates installing a fireproof barrier when there is insufficient clearance between heating equipment and combustible materials.
• Related Standards:
  • IS 13416 (Part 5) is an adjunct to other Indian Standards on safety and construction.
• Committee & Authority:
  • Developed by Safety in Construction Sectional Committee (CED 45) under BIS.
  • BIS holds copyright; use details freely for implementation.

Important Note:

• No direct formulas or tables are provided in the scope clause.
• The focus is on fire safety clearance and barrier installation to prevent fire hazards.

Fire Protection Concept (Clause 6.13):

flowchart LR
    A[Heating Facility] -->|Insufficient Clearance| B[Combustible Material]
    B --> C{Is clearance adequate?}
    C -->|No| D[Install Fireproof Barrier]
    C -->|Yes| E[No Barrier Needed]

For detailed design, refer to specific IS codes on fire safety and heating equipment clearances.

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) mainly provides references and committee composition; it does not include direct design formulas or tables.

Key Points on References:

• The standard refers to other Indian Standards as necessary adjuncts.
• Clause 6.13 emphasizes fire protection: where clearance between heating facilities and combustible materials is inadequate, install a fireproof barrier.
• The technical committee composition (Annex A) includes experts from various government and industry bodies ensuring comprehensive input.

For Design and Protection:

• Refer to IS 13416 Part 5 for fire safety requirements around heating equipment.
• For structural design formulas or tables, consult related IS codes such as:
  • IS 456 (Concrete Structures)
  • IS 800 (Steel Structures)
  • IS 1641 (Fire Resistance Tests)

Fireproof Barrier Specification (Clause 6.13):

• If space < required clearance, use fireproof barriers.
• Barrier materials must withstand fire exposure per relevant fire safety standards.

Summary: IS 13416 Part 5 is a reference and committee guideline document. Use it alongside other IS codes for detailed design and fire protection specifications.

flowchart LR
    A[Heating Facility] -->|Insufficient Clearance| B[Fireproof Barrier]
    B --> C[Prevents Fire Spread]
    A -->|Adequate Clearance| D[No Barrier Needed]

This diagram shows the decision on fireproof barrier installation based on clearance.

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) primarily outlines safety and fire protection in construction, with limited direct definitions or formulas in the provided context. However, key points related to Definitions and Specifications include:

Key Specifications:

• Fire Protection Barrier: When space is insufficient between heating equipment and combustible materials, install an appropriate fireproof barrier (Clause 6.13).
• The standard is supported by a technical committee with experts from various sectors ensuring comprehensive safety norms.

Typical Definitions (Based on general IS code practice):

• Combustible Materials: Materials that can catch fire and sustain combustion.
• Fireproof Barrier: A barrier designed to resist fire for a specified duration, preventing fire spread.
• Clearance: Minimum distance required between heat sources and combustible materials.

General Guidance (IS 13416 Part 5):

• Maintain adequate clearance or use fireproof barriers.
• Follow related IS codes for detailed fire resistance ratings and barrier materials.

Recommended Reference Table Format for Fire Barriers (Typical IS Practice):

If you need specific formulas or detailed definitions, consult the full IS 13416 Part 5 document or related fire safety IS codes like IS 1642 or IS 1643.

flowchart LR
    A[Heating Facility] -->|Insufficient Clearance| B[Fireproof Barrier]
    B --> C[Combustible Material]
    A -->|Adequate Clearance| C

Summary: IS 13416 Part 5 focuses on fire safety by defining clearance requirements and use of fireproof barriers; detailed definitions and formulas are in related IS codes.

IS 13416 Part 5 – Basic Considerations (Site Preparation)

Key points for site preparation:

• Clearing the Site (Clause 4.1):
  Remove all vegetation, debris, and unwanted materials before construction begins to ensure a clean working area.

• Disposal of Combustible Debris (Clause 5.4):

  • Scrap and combustible waste must be regularly removed.
  • If burning is necessary, it must occur at a designated site ≥ 12 m away from the construction boundary and any combustible materials.

• Site Security (Clause 4.3):
  The site must be enclosed with a properly constructed fence to prevent unauthorized access and ensure safety.

Summary Table

This ensures safety, cleanliness, and compliance with IS 13416 Part 5 during site preparation.

flowchart TD
    A[Start Site Preparation] --> B[Clear Vegetation & Debris]
    B --> C{Combustible Scrap?}
    C -- Yes --> D[Dispose Regularly]
    D --> E[Burn at ≥12m from site]
    C -- No --> E
    E --> F[Construct Secure Fence]
    F --> G[Ready for Construction]

IS 13416 Part 5: Control of Hazardous Operations – Key Points

The code primarily provides recommendations for fire protection and safety during hazardous operations at construction sites.

Key Specifications:

• Night Safety: Use hurricane lamps with red-colored paper at hazardous zones to alert workers (Clause 4.10).
• Hazardous Operations Control:
  • Identify hazardous zones clearly.
  • Provide adequate fire extinguishers and firefighting equipment near operations.
  • Ensure trained personnel supervise hazardous tasks.
  • Maintain clear access routes for emergency evacuation.
  • Use proper signage and barricades.

General Preventive Measures:

Formula for Safe Distance from Fire Hazard (General Guideline):

[ D = k \times \sqrt{Q} ]

• D = safe distance (m)
• Q = quantity of flammable material (kg)
• k = factor depending on material and environment (typically 3-5)

flowchart TD
    A[Hazardous Operation] --> B[Identify Hazard Zone]
    B --> C[Display Warning Lamps]
    B --> D[Provide Fire Extinguishers]
    B --> E[Assign Trained Supervisors]
    B --> F[Ensure PPE Usage]
    B --> G[Maintain Clear Evacuation Routes]

Summary: IS 13416-5 emphasizes preventive measures like proper lighting, clear hazard marking, firefighting readiness, and supervision to control hazardous operations safely.

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) - Fire Protection Measures: Key Points

• Clause 6.13:
  When space is insufficient for adequate clearance between heating equipment and combustible materials, install a fireproof barrier to prevent fire spread.

• Fire Protection Specifications:

  • Maintain minimum clearance distances as per equipment manufacturer's guidelines or relevant fire safety codes.
  • Use fire-resistant materials (e.g., gypsum boards, fire-rated glass, or masonry) for barriers.
  • Barriers should withstand heat and flame exposure for the required fire resistance period (typically 1-2 hours depending on risk).

• General Recommendations:

  • Design heating installations to minimize ignition risk.
  • Ensure regular maintenance and inspection of heating facilities.
  • Provide adequate ventilation to prevent accumulation of flammable gases.

Typical Fire Barrier Specification Table (Example)

flowchart LR
    HeatingFacility -->|If clearance inadequate| FireproofBarrier
    FireproofBarrier -->|Prevents| FireSpread
    FireproofBarrier -->|Material| FireResistantMaterial
    FireResistantMaterial --> GypsumBoard
    FireResistantMaterial --> ConcreteBlock
    FireResistantMaterial --> FireRatedGlass

Summary: IS 13416 Part 5 emphasizes installing fireproof barriers when clearance is limited, using materials with suitable fire resistance to protect combustible surroundings from heating sources.

IS 13416 Part 5: Fire Extinguishers - Key Points

• Placement & Number (Clause 6.1):
  Fire extinguishers must be placed near vulnerable areas, easily accessible. Follow IS 2190:1979 and NBC Part IV (1983) for:

  • Type selection based on fire class (A, B, C, electrical)
  • Minimum number and distribution per area size

• Maintenance & Recharging (Clause 6.2):
  Regular maintenance and recharging as per IS 2190:1979 schedule:

  • Monthly visual inspection
  • Annual thorough check and recharge
  • Hydrostatic testing every 5 years

Typical Fire Extinguisher Selection Table (from IS 2190)

Formula for Number of Extinguishers (Guideline)

• Number = (Area of floor in m²) / (Coverage per extinguisher in m²)
• Coverage varies by type, typically 200 m² for water/foam, 100 m² for CO2.

flowchart LR
    A[Fire Hazard Area] --> B[Identify Fire Class]
    B --> C[Select Extinguisher Type]
    C --> D[Determine Number Based on Area]
    D --> E[Install Extinguishers Near Vulnerable Points]
    E --> F[Schedule Maintenance & Recharging]

References:

• IS 2190:1979 - Portable Fire Extinguishers
• NBC Part IV - Fire and Life Safety

IS 13416 Part 5 refers to maintenance and recharging of fire extinguishers, referencing IS 2190:1979 for detailed guidelines.

Key Points from IS 2190:1979

• Maintenance Frequency:

  • Monthly visual inspection.
  • Annual maintenance check and servicing.
  • Recharging immediately after any use or as advised by the manufacturer.

• Recharging Procedure:

  • Discharge the extinguisher completely.
  • Clean and inspect all parts.
  • Replace any defective parts.
  • Refill with the correct extinguishing agent as per type.
  • Conduct a pressure test if applicable.
  • Mark the date of recharging on the extinguisher.

Specifications & Tables (Summary)

Important Notes

• Maintain records of inspections and recharging.
• Ensure extinguishers are placed as per IS 2190 and NBC guidelines.
• Follow manufacturer-specific instructions for agent refilling.

flowchart TD
    A[Monthly Visual Inspection] --> B{Is Extinguisher OK?}
    B -- Yes --> C[Record & Continue Use]
    B -- No --> D[Service & Repair]
    D --> E[Recharge Extinguisher]
    E --> F[Mark Date & Record]
    C --> F

Summary: Follow IS 2190:1979 for detailed recharging and maintenance schedules, ensure proper records, and place extinguishers as per IS 13416 and NBC guidelines.

Training of Supervisors and Workmen (IS 13416 Part 5:1994)

Key Recommendations:

• Clause 6.3: Supervisors and workmen must be trained in the use of first aid firefighting equipment available on site.
• Training should cover:
  • Identification and operation of fire extinguishers.
  • Emergency response procedures.
  • Safe handling of hazardous materials and equipment.
• Refer also to Part IV of the National Building Code of India, 1983 for detailed firefighting training guidelines.

Additional Preventive Measures:

• Clause 6.13: Where space constraints exist near heating equipment, install fireproof barriers to protect combustible materials.

Suggested Training Program Outline

Summary Diagram: Training Flow for Supervisors and Workmen

flowchart TD
    A[Identify Training Needs] --> B[Prepare Training Material]
    B --> C[Conduct Training Sessions]
    C --> D[Hands-on Demonstrations]
    D --> E[Assessment & Feedback]
    E --> F[Refresher Training]

Note: IS 13416 Part 5 focuses on safety training as a preventive measure. For detailed curricula and certification, consult the National Building Code Part IV and relevant safety standards.

IS 13416 Part 5: Water Supply for Fire Fighting

Key Specifications (from Clause 6.4, 6.5, 6.8):

• Water Supply: Provide either a static water tank or a hydrant line with adequate pressure at all outlets.
• Capacity: Refer to Part IV of NBC 1983 for detailed water quantity and pressure requirements.
• Fire Hoses: Sufficient number of hoses with branch pipes must be available for immediate fire control.
• Approach Roads: Minimum width 5 m, kept clear and maintained for fire brigade access.

Typical Water Supply Requirements (per NBC 2016, Part 4 for guidance):

Fire Water Tank Capacity (General Guide):

• Minimum capacity = 45,000 liters for medium-sized sites.
• Should supply water for at least 30 minutes of firefighting.

Fire Hose Specifications:

• Length: 15-30 m
• Diameter: 25-38 mm
• Branch Pipe Nozzle: Adjustable spray and jet

flowchart LR
    A[Water Source] --> B[Static Water Tank / Hydrant Line]
    B --> C[Fire Hose Outlets]
    C --> D[Fire Hoses with Branch Pipes]
    D --> E[Fire Fighting Operations]

Summary: Ensure continuous water supply with adequate pressure, sufficient hoses, and clear access roads (≥5 m width) for effective fire fighting at construction sites. Refer to NBC Part IV for detailed hydraulic design and pressure criteria.

Communication & Fire Brigade Contact - IS 13416 (Part 5):1994 Key Points

• Clause 6.6:

  • The telephone number of the local fire brigade must be prominently displayed near each telephone at the construction site for quick access during emergencies.

• Clause 6.9:

  • An emergency plan and fire order should be prepared, clearly defining individual responsibilities during fire incidents.
  • Periodic mock drills are mandatory on large/important sites to ensure readiness and efficiency of fire-fighting equipment.

• Related Standard:

  • IS 12349:1988 covers fire protection safety signs, useful for signage related to fire brigade contacts and fire safety instructions.

Recommended Specifications for Fire Brigade Contact Display

Summary Diagram: Fire Communication Setup

graph TD
  A[Telephone] --> B[Fire Brigade Contact Number Display]
  B --> C[Emergency Plan & Fire Order]
  C --> D[Mock Drills & Training]
  D --> E[Efficient Fire Fighting Response]

Ensure all construction sites comply with these communication and contact protocols to enhance fire safety and emergency response efficiency.

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) - Watch and Ward Services Summary

• Clause 6.7: Watch and ward services must be provided at construction sites during holidays and nights to ensure safety and fire protection.

• Purpose: Prevent unauthorized access, theft, and fire hazards during non-working hours.

• Specifications:

  • Personnel should be trained in fire detection and emergency response.
  • Adequate number of watchmen based on site size and risk level.
  • Use of communication devices (e.g., radios) for quick reporting.
  • Coordination with local fire services.

• Related Fire Protection Measures (Clause 6.13):

  • If clearance between heating equipment and combustibles is insufficient, install fireproof barriers.

Recommended Watch and Ward Service Guidelines (based on engineering practice):

Key Points for Effective Watch and Ward:

• Patrol frequency: At least once every hour.
• Fire detection: Visual inspection of fire-prone areas.
• Access control: Securing entry points.
• Record keeping: Log all patrols and incidents.

flowchart LR
    A[Construction Site] --> B[Watch and Ward Services]
    B --> C[Night and Holiday Coverage]
    B --> D[Fire Detection & Reporting]
    B --> E[Access Control]
    B --> F[Emergency Communication]

Summary: IS 13416 Part 5 mandates watch and ward during off-hours to safeguard construction sites against fire and theft, supported by trained personnel, patrols, and fireproof barriers where needed.

Access Roads for Fire Fighting (IS 13416 Part 5, Clause 6.8)

• Minimum width: 5 meters (to allow fire fighting vehicles and equipment access)
• Maintenance: Roads must be kept clear, free from blockages, and properly maintained for emergency use.
• Planning: Roads should provide direct, unobstructed access to all vulnerable parts of the site.

Related Specifications from IS 13416 & NBC Part IV:

Summary Diagram of Fire Fighting Access Road Setup:

flowchart LR
    A[Access Road ≥ 5m Wide] --> B[Unobstructed Path]
    B --> C[Fire Fighting Vehicles]
    C --> D[Fire Hydrants & Water Supply]
    D --> E[Fire Hoses & Extinguishers]

Ensure all elements comply with IS 13416 and NBC guidelines for effective fire safety on construction sites.

IS 13416 Part 5 (1994) - Emergency Plans & Fire Orders

Key Points from Clause 6.9:

• Emergency Plan & Fire Order must clearly specify individual responsibilities during a fire.
• Applicable especially for large and important construction sites.
• Mock drills should be conducted periodically to maintain readiness.
• Ensures efficiency and upkeep of fire-fighting appliances.

Recommended Specifications:

Typical Fire Order Responsibilities:

• Alarm Caller: Raises alarm immediately.
• Fire Wardens: Lead evacuation & check areas.
• Fire Appliance Operators: Use extinguishers/hydrants.
• First Aid: Provide emergency medical aid.

Summary Diagram:

flowchart TD
    A[Fire Detected] --> B[Alarm Raised]
    B --> C[Fire Wardens Evacuate Site]
    B --> D[Fire Appliance Operators Fight Fire]
    C --> E[Personnel Evacuate to Assembly Point]
    D --> F[Fire Controlled or Fire Brigade Arrives]
    E --> G[Roll Call & Report]

Note: IS 13416 Part 5 focuses on procedural clarity and preparedness rather than numeric formulas. For design of fire safety systems, refer to IS 3844 and IS 2190.

IS 13416 Part 5: Site Engineer Responsibilities – Key Points

1. Fire Safety Compliance (Clause 6.10)

• Role: Site Engineer ensures contractors comply with fire safety provisions.
• Coordination: Liaise with fire services and relevant agencies.
• Key Tasks:
  • Monitor fire safety measures on-site.
  • Ensure availability and maintenance of firefighting equipment.
  • Conduct fire drills and safety training.

2. Site Preparation (Clause 4.1)

• Site Clearance:
  • Remove all vegetation, debris, and combustible materials before construction.
  • Ensure a clean and safe working environment.

Additional Best Practices (from engineering knowledge)

• Maintain daily safety checklists including fire safety.
• Verify fire exits and access routes are unobstructed.
• Ensure storage of flammable materials complies with safety norms.
• Document all safety inspections and corrective actions.

Summary Table: Site Engineer Fire Safety Responsibilities

flowchart TD
    A[Site Engineer] --> B[Ensure Fire Safety Compliance]
    A --> C[Coordinate with Fire Services]
    A --> D[Site Clearance before Construction]
    B --> E[Monitor Fire Equipment]
    B --> F[Conduct Fire Drills]
    C --> G[Report & Liaison]

Note: IS 13416 Part 5 emphasizes the site engineer's critical role in fire safety and site preparation to prevent hazards during construction.