Recommendations for preventive measures against hazards at workplaces, Part 2: Fall prevention

IS 13416 (Part 2): 1992 — Scope Summary

This part of IS 13416 focuses on fall prevention at construction workplaces, covering falls from chimneys, structural frameworks, plant, and machinery.

Key Points from Clause 4.1.9:

• Falls are a major cause of accidents; prevention is critical.
• Safety measures include:
  • Railings
  • Cat-walks
  • Wire-mesh
  • Safety belts and harnesses
• Safety belts and harnesses significantly reduce injury severity.
• Compliance with safety regulations is mandatory.

Related Standards:

• IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 — Safety code for ladders, essential for fall prevention.

Summary Table: Fall Prevention Measures

Additional Notes:

• BIS governs the use of the Standard Mark ensuring quality and compliance.
• Periodic review and amendments maintain the standard's relevance.

graph TD
    A[Work at Heights] --> B[Hazards: Falls]
    B --> C[Prevention Measures]
    C --> D[Railings]
    C --> E[Cat-walks]
    C --> F[Wire-mesh]
    C --> G[Safety belts & harnesses]
    C --> H[Scaffolds & Ladders (IS 3696 Part 2)]

In essence: IS 13416 (Part 2) guides on identifying fall hazards and implementing structural and personal protective measures to prevent falls and injuries at construction sites.

IS 13416 (Part 2) - Reference Standards & Key Specifications

Reference Standards:

• IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 — Scaffolds and ladders - Code of safety: Part 2 Ladders
  This is an essential adjunct standard for ladder safety and related fall prevention measures.

Key Safety Measures for Fall Prevention (Clause 4.1.9)

• Fall hazards occur from chimneys, structural frameworks, plant, and machinery.
• Preventive provisions include:
  • Railings
  • Cat-walks
  • Wire mesh
  • Safety belts and harnesses
• Safety belts & harnesses are critical to reduce injury severity.

BIS & Standard Mark

• BIS governs the Standard Mark usage under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986.
• The Standard Mark ensures products comply with quality, inspection, and testing requirements.
• Continuous BIS surveillance ensures conformity.
• For licensing and copyright details, contact BIS (Manak Bhavan, New Delhi).

Summary Table: Regional BIS Offices

Diagram: Fall Prevention Components

graph TD
    A[Workplace Heights] --> B[Fall Hazards]
    B --> C[Preventive Measures]
    C --> D[Railings]
    C --> E[Cat-walks]
    C --> F[Wire Mesh]
    C --> G[Safety Belts & Harnesses]
    G --> H[Reduced Injury Risk]

Note: Always ensure you

IS 13416 Part 2 — Types of Falls Overview

Types of Falls (Clause 3.1 & 3.2)

Falls at worksites are categorized as:

• From Height: Floors, scaffolding, roofs, hoists, ladders, platforms.
• In Pits: Lift shafts, basements, excavations.
• In Water: Wells, rivers, seas.
• Through Roof Coverings: Tiles, slates, sheets.
• Through Manholes/Tunnels: Areas with foul air or filth.
• From Structures/Machinery: Chimneys, steel structures, cranes, trucks.
• Flat Falls: Due to slipping, tripping, striking objects, or while pushing equipment.

Reference for Ladder Safety

• IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 — Scaffolds and Ladders - Code of Safety: Part 2 Ladders is essential for ladder-related safety.

Key Specifications & Preventive Measures

• Use guardrails, toe boards, and safety nets on elevated platforms.
• Ensure proper ladder angle (approx. 75°) and secure footing.
• Provide coverings or barriers for pits, manholes.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) like harnesses when working at heights.
• Maintain clear, debris-free floors to prevent flat falls.

Ladder Angle Formula (from IS 3696 Part 2)

[ \text{Ladder angle} = \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{\text{Base distance from wall}}{\text{Ladder length}}\right) \approx 75^\circ ]

flowchart TD
    A[Types of Falls] --> B[From Height]
    A --> C[In Pits]
    A --> D[In Water]
    A --> E[Through Roof Coverings]
    A --> F[Through Manholes/Tunnels]
    A --> G[From Structures/Machinery]
    A --> H[Flat Falls]

For detailed fall prevention, refer to IS 13416 Part 2 and IS 3696 Part 2 for ladder safety.

IS 13416 (Part 2): Measures for Fall Prevention - Key Points

Types of Falls (Clause 3.2)

• Falls can occur due to:
  • Stepping on objects, slipping, or tripping.
  • Striking against objects.
  • While pushing wheelbarrows, trolleys, tipping wagons, etc.

Key Reference Standard

• IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 — Safety code for scaffolds and ladders, essential for fall prevention.

General Preventive Measures (Summary)

• Identify potential fall zones: scaffolds, gangways, ladders, cranes, excavations.
• Maintain clear, unobstructed walkways.
• Use proper guardrails and toe-boards on elevated platforms.
• Ensure ladders comply with IS 3696 (Part 2) specifications:
  • Ladder angle: approx. 75° from horizontal.
  • Minimum rung spacing: 250 mm.
  • Load capacity as per IS 3696.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) like safety harnesses where applicable.
• Train workers on hazard recognition and safe practices.

Typical Ladder Specifications (from IS 3696 Part 2)

flowchart TD
    A[Identify Fall Hazard Zones] --> B[Clear Walkways]
    B --> C[Install Guardrails & Toe-boards]
    C --> D[Use IS 3696 Compliant Ladders]
    D --> E[Provide PPE and Training]

Summary: IS 13416 Part 2 emphasizes hazard identification, adherence to IS 3696 ladder safety, and workplace housekeeping to prevent falls.

Key Specifications & Precautions for Fall from Ladders (IS 13416 Part 2 & IS 3696 Part 2:1991)

• Safe Anchorage: Ladders must be securely anchored on firm footing to prevent slipping.
• Avoid Movements: Prevent swaying, sagging, or lateral movements.
• Angle of Repose: Ladder should be placed at an angle of 75° ± 5° to the horizontal (typical safe angle as per IS 3696 Part 2).
• Equal Support: Both stiles (side rails) must have equal support.
• Weather Precautions: Avoid ladder use in windy or slippery conditions; footwear must be clean and non-slip.
• Traffic Safety: When erecting near openings, watch for site traffic.
• Top Clearance: The gap between the last rung and the floor should be ≤ 220 mm.
• Condition & Maintenance: Ladders must be free from defects (cracks, loose nails); inspect weekly and repair or discard damaged ladders.

Angle of Repose Formula (Typical for Ladders)

[ \text{Angle} = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\text{Horizontal distance from base}}{\text{Ladder length}}\right) \approx 75^\circ ]

Summary Diagram of Ladder Setup

graph TD
    A[Ground] -- Base --> B[Ladder base]
    B -- Ladder length --> C[Ladder top]
    C -- Top clearance ≤ 220 mm --> D[Floor/Platform]
    B -- Horizontal distance --> E[Distance from wall]
    C -- Vertical height --> F[Height of platform]

Reference:

• IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 for detailed ladder safety and dimensions.
• Regular inspections and adherence to these points reduce fall risks significantly.

IS 13416 Part 2: Fall from Hoists – Key Points

• Clause 4.1.2 mandates provision of gates and wire nets at each floor/landing to prevent worker falls from hoists.
• Gates must be secure and self-closing to ensure no accidental openings.
• Wire nets or barriers should cover open sides fully, preventing any fall hazards.
• Reference IS 3696 (Part 2):1991 for additional safety on ladders and scaffolds used near hoists.
• Identify fall zones (hoists, scaffolds, ladders, excavations) and implement physical barriers and warning signage.

Recommended Specifications (from IS and best practices):

Summary Diagram:

graph TD
    A[Hoist Opening] --> B[Gate (1.2m height)]
    B --> C[Wire Net (50mm mesh)]
    C --> D[Worker Safety Zone]
    D --> E[Fall Prevention]

Always combine physical barriers with worker training and supervision per IS 13416 Part 2.

IS 13416 Part 2: Fall Prevention from Scaffoldings and Stagings

Key Specifications (Clause 4.1.3)

• Scaffoldings/platforms must stand on firm ground.
• Must be securely anchored to prevent movement.
• Provide railings at least 900 mm high around edges.
• Provide toe boards at least 100 mm high to prevent falling objects or persons.

Related Standards

• Use IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 for ladders safety, including:
  • Correct angle of repose for ladders (typically 75°).
  • Maximum gap between last rung and floor: 220 mm.
  • Regular inspection and maintenance of ladders.

Safety Measures Summary

Fall Prevention Best Practices

• Ensure firm footing and anchorage.
• Avoid swaying and sagging.
• Use non-slip footwear.
• Avoid use in bad weather conditions.
• Regularly inspect and repair scaffoldings and ladders.

flowchart TD
    A[Scaffold Platform] --> B[Firm Ground]
    A --> C[Secure Anchorage]
    A --> D[Railings ≥ 900 mm]
    A --> E[Toe Boards ≥ 100 mm]
    F[Ladder] --> G[Angle ~75°]
    F --> H[Gap ≤ 220 mm]
    F --> I[Regular Inspection]
    style D stroke:#f66,stroke-width:2px
    style E stroke:#f66,stroke-width:2px

This ensures compliance with IS 13416 Part 2 and reduces fall hazards effectively.

IS 13416 Part 2 - Fall from Floors and Various Storeys: Key Points & Safety Measures

1. Fall Prevention (Clause 4.1.4)

• Immediate wall provision at floor ends after casting to prevent falls.
• If walls delayed, provide safety parapet barricades.
• Cover or barricade all floor openings to prevent falls.
• Restrict access to unauthorized persons.
• Provide artificial lighting for work beyond daylight.

2. Types of Falls (Clause 3.1 & 3.2)

• Falls from heights: floors, scaffolding, roofs, ladders.
• Falls into pits, shafts, basements.
• Falls in water bodies.
• Falls through roof coverings or manholes.
• Falls from machinery or structures.

3. Related Standards

• Use IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 for scaffolds and ladders safety.

Summary Table: Fall Hazards & Controls

flowchart TD
    A[Work at Height] --> B{Preventive Measures}
    B --> C[Walls at floor ends]
    B --> D[Safety parapet barricades]
    B --> E[Cover floor openings]
    B --> F[Restrict unauthorized access]
    B --> G[Artificial lighting beyond daylight]

Note: IS 13416 focuses on procedural safety, not structural design formulas. For structural parapet/barrier design, refer to IS 875 (Part 3) for imposed loads on parapets.

IS 13416 Part 2 - Fall from Sloping and Fragile Roofs: Key Points

Safety Measures (Clause 4.1.5)

• Use self-supporting platforms on sloping and fragile roofs.
• Provide safety nets below the roof inside the building.
• Equip workers with:
  • Safety belts
  • Safety harnesses
  • Helmets
• Use securely supported crawling boards or ladders on fragile roofs.

Related Standards

• Refer IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991 for detailed safety requirements on ladders.

General Recommendations

• Identify potential fall zones (scaffolds, ladders, fragile roofs).
• Implement preventive measures like guardrails, netting, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Typical Safety Net Specifications (per IS standards)

Conceptual Diagram of Fall Protection on Fragile Roofs

graph TD
    A[Worker on Fragile Roof] --> B[Self-Supporting Platform]
    A --> C[Safety Harness & Belt]
    A --> D[Helmet]
    B --> E[Safety Net Below Roof]
    F[Secure Crawling Board] --> A

Summary: Use self-supporting platforms, safety nets, PPE, and secure ladders/boards to prevent falls on sloping and fragile roofs as per IS 13416 Part 2 and IS 3696 Part 2 standards.

IS 13416 Part 2: Fall Prevention in Pits, Excavations, Lift Shafts, Downstairs, Chutes, and Basements

Key Points from Clause 4.1.6:

• All access points to pits, excavations, lift shafts, downstairs, chutes, and basements must be barricaded to prevent accidental falls.
• Barricades should be sturdy, visible, and continuous around the hazard area.
• Warning signs and adequate lighting must be provided near these fall hazards.

Additional Safety Specifications:

• Use guardrails at least 1.0 m high with mid-rails and toe-boards around openings.
• Provide secure covers for pits or holes when not in use.
• Ensure safe access ladders or stairways for descent/ascent in shafts and basements.
• Use safety nets or harnesses where barricading is impractical.

Typical Dimensions for Barricades (as per general safety norms):

Summary Diagram:

graph TD
A[Pit/Lift Shaft Opening] --> B[Barricade with Guardrails]
B --> C[Mid-rail at 0.5 m]
B --> D[Toe-board at 0.15 m]
A --> E[Warning Sign & Lighting]
A --> F[Safe Access Ladder/Stairs]

Internal Engineering Notes:

• For excavations deeper than 1.2 m, side slopes or shoring are recommended to prevent collapse.
• For lift shafts and chutes, ensure temporary covers can support at least 2 kN/m².
• Regular inspection of barricades and covers is essential.

Always refer to IS 13416 Part 2 for detailed safety requirements and consult local regulations for site-specific conditions.

IS 13416 Part 2: Fall in Water, Wells, Sea, Rivers, and Ponds (Clause 4.1.7)

Key Safety Specifications:

• Personnel Protection: Workers must wear proper attire, safety belts or harnesses.
• Rescue Preparedness: A trained lifesaver/swimmer should be on site for rescue and first aid.
• Supervision: Continuous watch on workers in water-related fall zones.

Important Notes:

• No direct structural formulas are provided in this clause.
• Emphasis is on personal protective equipment (PPE) and emergency readiness.
• Barricading and clear marking of water bodies near work areas is implied for safety.

General Fall Categories (Clause 3.1):

• Falls from heights (scaffolds, roofs)
• Falls into pits, excavations, basements
• Falls into water bodies (wells, rivers, ponds)
• Falls through roof coverings
• Falls into manholes, tunnels
• Falls from machinery, chimneys, steel structures

Practical Safety Measures (Summary):

flowchart TD
    A[Work near Water Bodies] --> B[Wear Safety Harness]
    A --> C[Employ Trained Lifesaver]
    A --> D[Barricade Water Edges]
    A --> E[Continuous Supervision]
    B & C & D & E --> F[Minimize Fall Risks and Enable Rescue]

Summary: IS 13416 Part 2 focuses on strict safety protocols for falls into water, emphasizing PPE, rescue readiness, and supervision rather than structural formulas.

IS 13416 Part 2: Fall in Sewers, Tunnels, Manholes - Key Points

Clause 4.1.8 emphasizes strict adherence to safety regulations issued by appropriate authorities for working in sewers, tunnels, and manholes to prevent falls.

Key Safety Measures:

• Barricade all accesses to pits, excavations, manholes, tunnels to prevent accidental falls (Clause 4.1.6).
• Use railings, wire mesh, safety belts, and harnesses where applicable.
• Follow special regulations by local authorities for confined spaces like sewers and tunnels.

Important Specifications:

No direct formulas or tables are provided in IS 13416 Part 2 for fall prevention in these areas, but general safety principles apply:

• Guardrails height: Minimum 1.0 m above working surface.
• Safety harness strength: Should withstand at least 15 kN force.
• Barricade openings: Use rigid barriers or covers capable of supporting 2 times the expected load.

Summary Diagram: Fall Prevention in Sewers & Manholes

graph TD
    A[Worksite with Manholes/Tunnels] --> B[Identify Fall Hazards]
    B --> C[Install Barricades & Covers]
    B --> D[Provide Safety Belts & Harnesses]
    B --> E[Follow Local Authority Safety Regulations]
    C --> F[Prevent Accidental Falls]
    D --> F
    E --> F

In essence: IS 13416 Part 2 mandates strict safety compliance, barricading, and use of personal protective equipment to prevent falls in sewers, tunnels, and manholes. Always consult local regulations for detailed confined space safety procedures.

IS 13416 (Part 2) : 1992 — Falls from Chimneys, Structural Framework, Plant and Machinery

Key Points from Clause 4.1.9:

• Falls must be prevented by strict adherence to safety regulations.
• Safety provisions include:
  • Railings
  • Cat-walks
  • Wire-mesh
  • Safety belts and harnesses
• Safety belts/harnesses are critical to prevent serious injuries.
• Regular inspection and quality control under BIS supervision ensure safety compliance.

General Specifications & Recommendations:

Typical Safety Belt Force Calculation (General Engineering Practice):

[ F = m \times (g + a) ]

• ( m ) = mass of worker + equipment (kg)
• ( g ) = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s²
• ( a ) = deceleration factor (typically 3-6 m/s² depending on fall arrest system)

Diagram: Fall Prevention Setup on Chimneys/Structures

graph LR
A[Working Platform] --> B[Railings (1m height)]
A --> C[Cat-walk with Non-slip Surface]
A --> D[Wire Mesh Barrier]
E[Worker] --> F[Safety Belt & Harness]
F --> G[Anchorage Point]

Summary:

• Identify fall hazards on chimneys, frameworks, machinery.
• Use physical barriers + personal protective equipment (PPE).
• Ensure regular inspection and maintenance.
• Follow BIS guidelines and IS standards for equipment quality.

For detailed dimensional and material specs, consult the relevant IS codes on safety belts (e.g., IS 3521) and scaffolding (e.g., IS 3696).