Method of test for laboratory determination of water content, porosity, density and related properties of rock material

IS 13030: Scope - Key Formulas, Tables, and Specifications

Scope Summary

IS 13030 covers determination of rock properties like dry density, porosity, moisture content, and grain density using mercury displacement and pulverization techniques.

Key Formulas (Clause 7.6)

• Grain Density, ρs (pulverized rock): [ \rho_s = \frac{M_5 - M_4}{V_1 \times [1 - \frac{(M_3 - M_1)}{(M_2 - M_1)}]} \quad \text{(kg/m}^3\text{)} ] where (V_1) = calibrated flask volume (m³).

• Dry Density, ρa: [ \rho_a = \frac{\text{Dry mass of sample}}{\text{Bulk volume}} = \frac{M_3 - M_1}{V} ]

• Porosity, n (%): [ n = \left[1 - \frac{\rho_a}{\rho_s}\right] \times 100 ]

• Moisture Content, w (%): [ w = \frac{M_2 - M_3}{M_2 - M_s} \times 100 ]

Important Tables

Reporting Requirements (Clause 7.7)

• Report individual and average values of dry density, porosity, moisture content.
• Density to nearest 10 kg/m³, porosity and moisture content to nearest 0.1%.
• Mention measurement techniques (mercury displacement, pulverization).
• Record sample details: project title, sampling technique, dates, lithology.

flowchart LR
    A[Sample Preparation] --> B[Mercury Displacement: Bulk Volume V]
    B --> C[Mass

IS 13030 - Key Definitions & Formulas (Clause 2 & 5.4)

Definitions (Clause 2)

• Ms = Mass of grain (solid component)
• Vs = Volume of grain
• Mw = Mass of pore water
• Vw = Volume of pore water
• Psat = Saturated specific gravity
• Gsat = Specific gravity of saturated soil solids
• Pw = Density of water
• Va = Volume of pore air

Important Formulas (Clause 5.4)

Notes:

• Use water density (\rho_w) at test temperature.
• Average porosity and dry density are calculated from multiple specimens.

flowchart LR
    Ms[Mass of grain (Ms)]
    Mw[Mass of pore water (Mw)]
    Vv[Pore Volume (Vv)]
    V[Bulk Volume (V)]
    Pd[Dry Density (ρd)]
    n[Porosity (n)]

    Ms --> Vv
    Mw --> Vv
    Vv --> n
    V --> Pd
    Ms --> Pd
    V --> n

This summary captures essential definitions and formulas for soil physical property testing per IS 13030.

IS 13030 - Apparatus Key Specifications & Tables

Apparatus Requirements (Clauses 5.2, 6.2, 7.2)

• Oven: Maintains 105 ± 3°C for ≥ 24 h, forced ventilation exhausting outside.
• Specimen Containers: Non-corrodible, airtight lids.
• Desiccator: For cooling samples in airtight containers.
• Balance: Accuracy to 0.01% of sample mass.
• Volume Measurement: Mercury displacement apparatus, accuracy ±0.5%.
• Grinding Equipment: Pulverizes sample <150 µm grain size.
• Volumetric Flask: Calibrated, typically 50 cm³.
• Vacuum Apparatus: Maintains <0.8 kPa pressure for vacuum saturation.
• Measuring Instruments: Vernier/micrometer caliper with 0.1 mm accuracy.
• Immersion Bath: For saturated-submerged weight measurement with wire basket.

Observation Table (Clause 7.5)

Key Calculations

• Wet mass of sample:
  [ M_{\text{wet}} = M_2 - M_1 ]

• Dry mass of sample:
  [ M_{\text{dry}} = M_3 - M_1 ]

• Mass of water in sample:
  [ M_{\text{water

IS 13030: Determination of Water Content of a Rock Sample

Key Points:

• Water content (w%) is the mass of water in the rock sample expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry mass.
• The test involves weighing the sample before and after oven drying.

Procedure Summary:

1. Weigh the wet rock sample: ( M_{wet} )
2. Oven dry the sample at 105 ± 5°C until constant mass.
3. Weigh the dry sample: ( M_{dry} )

Formula:

[ \boxed{ w% = \frac{M_{wet} - M_{dry}}{M_{dry}} \times 100 } ]

Notes:

• Sample size should be larger than the largest grain or pore size.
• Microfissures can cause erratic results; adjust lump size accordingly.
• Ensure representative sampling for accurate water content.

Related IS 13030 Clause:

• Clause 4.1: Defines water content as percentage of oven-dry mass.
• Clause 2.2.16: Unit weight ( Y = p \times g ) (where ( p ) is density, ( g ) gravity).

flowchart TD
    A[Collect rock sample] --> B[Weigh wet sample (M_wet)]
    B --> C[Oven dry at 105 ± 5°C]
    C --> D[Weigh dry sample (M_dry)]
    D --> E[Calculate water content: ((M_wet - M_dry)/M_dry)*100]

This method ensures precise determination of moisture content critical for rock property evaluation.

IS 13030: Porosity & Density Determination Using Saturation and Caliper Techniques

Key Formulas (Clause 6.5)

• ( \rho_w ) = density of water at temperature ( t ) (typically ~1000 kg/m³)
• ( M_1, M_2, M_3, M_4, M_g ) are measured masses as per test procedure.

Reporting (Clause 5.5)

• Dry density: nearest 10 kg/m³
• Porosity: nearest 0.1%
• Report measurement technique (caliper/vernier for bulk volume, water saturation for pore volume)
• Note any shape/size changes during wetting/drying
• Include project, sampling, testing dates, and lithology

Summary Diagram

flowchart TD
    A[Sample] --> B[Measure Masses: M1, M2, M3, M4, Mg]
    B --> C[Calculate Msub, Msat, Ms]
    C --> D[Calculate Bulk Volume V]
    C --> E[Calculate Pore Volume Vv]
    D & E --> F[Calculate Porosity n and

Here are the key formulas and specifications from IS 13030 for Porosity and Density determination using Saturation and Buoyancy techniques:

Key Formulas (Clause 6.5)

• Pw = Density of water at test temperature (kg/m³)
• Masses M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, Mg correspond to specific measured weights during the test.

Reporting Guidelines (Clause 5.5)

• Report individual and average dry density (nearest 10 kg/m³) and porosity (nearest 0.1%).
• Bulk volume measured by caliper/vernier, pore volume by water saturation.
• Record any shape/size changes during wetting or drying.
• Include project title, sampling method, dates, and lithology.

Notes

• Ensure water content is reported to 0.1% (Clause 4.4.2).
• Use calibrated instruments for volume and mass measurements.

flowchart LR
    A[Dry Sample Mass (Ms)] --> C[Calculate Bulk Volume (V)]
    B[Saturated Surface Dry Mass (Msat)] --> C
    D[Saturated Submerged Mass (Msub)] --> C
    C --> E[Calculate Pore Volume (Vv)]
    E --> F[Calculate Porosity (n)]

IS 13030: Porosity & Density Determination Using Mercury Displacement & Grain Specific Gravity

Key Formulas (Clause 6.5)

• (\rho_w) = density of water at test temperature (kg/m³)
• (M_1, M_2, M_3, M_4, M_5, M_g) = measured masses as per test procedure

Specifications & Notes

• Use mercury displacement for irregular, water-sensitive rock samples.
• Report porosity to 0.1% and dry density to 10 kg/m³ accuracy.
• Bulk volume from buoyancy; pore volume from water saturation.
• Include project details, sampling technique, dates, and lithology in reports.

flowchart TD
    A[Sample Preparation] --> B[Measure Masses: M1 to M5, Mg]
    B --> C[Calculate Msub, Msat, Ms]
    C --> D[Calculate Bulk Volume V]
    D --> E[Calculate Pore Volume Vv]
    E --> F[

IS 13030 - Clause 7.4: Precautions Summary

Key Precautions:

• Desiccant: Use self-indicating silica gel for moisture control.
• Mercury Handling:
  • Toxic, absorbed mainly via respiratory tract.
  • Spillages form tiny globules releasing mercury vapor.
  • Clean spills in a fume cupboard.
  • Sprinkle powdered sulfur on spills to convert mercury to less volatile mercury sulfide.
• Liquid Density: Use a consistent source of non-reactive liquid; adjust volumes in the constant temperature bath to account for density variations.

Related Equipment & Conditions (Clause 7.2):

• Oven: 105 ± 3ºC for ≥24 h with forced ventilation.
• Non-corrodible airtight specimen containers.
• Desiccator for cooling samples.
• Balance with 0.01% accuracy.
• Mercury displacement apparatus (±0.5% volume accuracy).
• Grinding to <150 µm grain size.
• Calibrated volumetric flask (e.g., 50 cm³).
• Constant temperature water bath.
• Vacuum apparatus (<0.8 kPa).
• Soft camel hair brush.

Moisture Content Formula (from Table 7.5):

[ \text{Moisture content} = \frac{M_2 - M_3}{M_2 - M_s} \times 100% ]

Where:

flowchart TD
    A[Sample Preparation] --> B[Drying in Oven at 105±3ºC]
    B --> C[Cooling in Desiccator]
    C --> D[Weighing Samples]
    D --> E[Mercury Displacement for Volume]
    E --> F[Calculate Moisture Content]
    F --> G[Adjust Liquid Volume in Bath]

Summary: Follow strict mercury safety, use consistent liquid sources, and maintain controlled conditions for accurate moisture testing as per IS 13030 Clause 7.4.

IS 13030 Key Formulas & Specifications for Calculations

Clause 4.4 & 5.4: Specimen Calculations

• Pore Volume, Vy
  [ V_y = \frac{M_{sat} - M_d}{\rho_w} ]
  Where:

  • (M_{sat}) = Saturated mass (kg)
  • (M_d) = Dry mass (kg)
  • (\rho_w) = Density of water at temperature (t) (kg/m³)

• Bulk Volume, V
  Calculated from external dimensions (m³).

• Dry Density, (\rho_a)
  [ \rho_a = \frac{M_d}{V} \quad (kg/m^3) ]

• Porosity, (n) (in %)
  [ n = \frac{V_y}{V} \times 100 ]

• Average Values
  Compute average porosity and dry density over all specimens.

Clause 7.6: Pulverized Rock Material

• Grain Density, (\rho_s)
  [ \rho_s = \frac{M_s}{V_1 \times [1 - (M_s - M_w)/M_s]} \quad (kg/m^3) ]
  Where:

  • (M_s) = mass of specimen
  • (M_w) = mass of water
  • (V_1) = calibrated flask volume (m³)

• Dry Density, (\rho_a) and Porosity, (n)
  Same formulas as above.

Summary Table

IS 13030 - Clause 7.5: Observations Key Data & Formulas

Key Calculations

• Wet mass of sample:
  ( M_{wet} = M_2 - M_1 ) (kg)

• Dry mass of sample:
  ( M_{dry} = M_3 - M_1 ) (kg)

• Mass of water in sample:
  ( M_{water} = M_2 - M_3 ) (kg)

• Moisture content (%):
  [ \text{Moisture} = \frac{M_2 - M_3}{M_2 - M_{dry}} \times 100 ]

Additional Observations (Clause 6.4)

• Saturated-submerged mass of basket alone: ( M_1 ) (kg)
• Saturated-submerged mass of basket + specimen: ( M_2 ) (kg)
• Mass of container and lid: ( M_3 ) (kg)
• Saturated surface dry mass of sample + container: ( M_4 ) (kg)
• Dried mass of container + sample: ( M_5 ) (kg)

This structured data helps in precise determination of volume, moisture content, and density of materials as per IS 13030.

IS 13030: Reporting of Results (Clauses 4.4 & 7.7)

Key Reporting Requirements:

• Report individually and average values for:

  • Dry density (nearest 10 kg/m³)
  • Porosity (nearest 0.1%)
  • Moisture content (nearest 0.1%)

• Specify test methods:

  • Bulk volume by mercury displacement
  • Porosity from grain volume by pulverization technique

• Record any gross changes in specimen shape or competence during drying.

• General information to include:

  • Project title
  • Sampling technique & sample ID
  • Sampling & testing dates
  • Lithological description of rock

Moisture Content Calculation (from Clause 7.5 observations):

[ \text{Moisture Content } (w) = \frac{M_2 - M_3}{M_2 - M_s} \times 100% ]

Where:

• (M_2) = Mass of container + sample + lid (wet)
• (M_3) = Mass of container + oven-dried sample + lid
• (M_s) = Dry mass of sample = (M_3 - M_1) (container + lid mass)

Notes:

• Round off results per IS 2:1960 rules.
• Include all raw data from Table 7.5 for transparency.

flowchart TD
    A[Sample Collection] --> B[Measure Bulk Volume (Mercury Displacement)]
    B --> C[Measure Masses (M1 to M7)]
    C --> D[Calculate Dry Density, Porosity, Moisture Content]
    D --> E[Record Individual & Average Values]
    E --> F[Report with Project & Sampling Details]

This ensures standardized, clear, and reproducible reporting as per IS 13030.

IS 13030 Key Formulas, Tables & Specifications Summary

Key Formulas (Clause 5.4)

• Pore Volume, Vv:

  [ V_v = \frac{M_{sat} - M_d}{\rho_w} ]

  • (M_{sat}) = Mass of saturated sample (kg)
  • (M_d) = Mass of dry sample (kg)
  • (\rho_w) = Density of water at temperature (t) (kg/m³)

• Dry Density, (\rho_d):

  [ \rho_d = \frac{M_d}{V} ]

  • (V) = Bulk volume (m³)

• Porosity, (n) (%):

  [ n = \frac{V_v}{V} \times 100 ]

Observations Table (Clause 7.5)

Moisture Content Calculation (Clause 7.5)

[ \text{Moisture Content} = \frac{M_2 - M_3}{M_2 - M_s} \times 100 % ]

Where (M_s) = Dry mass of sample

Reporting Requirements (Clause 7.7)

• Report individual and average values of:
  • Dry density (nearest 10 kg/m³)
  • Porosity (nearest 0.1%)
  • Moisture content (nearest 0.1%)
• Mention bulk volume measurement method (mercury displacement)
• Note any shape or