Guidelines for nailing of large framed wooden containers

IS 10687: Scope - Key Specifications & Formulas

Scope Summary:

• Covers nail selection and spacing for fixing skid-type wooden cases.
• Nails must be chosen based on load, number, and spacing around the perimeter.
• Nails larger than 100 mm are not allowed for ends/sides to skid base.
• For rail transport, nail size should be ≥ 64 mm.

Nail Selection (Clause 4.4.2 & Table 4.3)

• Nail size selection is based on intersection of:
  • Vertical line: Load on case
  • Horizontal line: Number of nails
• If intersection falls between two sizes, choose larger nail.
• Nails must be evenly spaced around the perimeter.
• Max spacing = 75 mm

Example Nail Calculation:

SI Units Used (for calculations):

Nail Selection Process (Mermaid Diagram):

flowchart TD
    A[Determine Load on Case] --> B[Calculate Number of Nails]
    B --> C[Check Nail Spacing ≤ 75 mm]
    C --> D[Use Nail Chart (Fig.4)]
    D --> E{Intersection Point}
    E -->|Between two sizes| F[Select Larger Nail]
    E -->|On size line| G[Select that Nail Size]
    F --> H[Fix Nails Evenly Around Perimeter]
    G --> H

Summary: Use load and nail count to select nail size from Table 4.

IS 10687: Terminology and Definitions - Key Points

• Reference Standard: Terms are primarily as per IS 6703-1972, supplemented by definitions in IS 10687.

• Units: The standard uses SI Units consistently. Key units include:

• Nail Selection (Clause 4.4.2):
  • Use the nail chart (Fig. 4) to select nail size based on load and number of nails.
  • If intersection falls between sizes, select the larger nail.
  • Nails must be evenly spaced around the case perimeter.
  • Max nail length for fixing to skid base: 100 mm.
  • For rail transport, minimum nail length: 64 mm.
  • Nail spacing ≤ 75 mm.

Nail Selection Example (from Clause 4.4.2)

• Case perimeter = 9,000 mm
• Max spacing = 75 mm → Minimum nails = 9,000 / 75 = 120 nails
• For 120 nails and given load → use 80 mm nails

flowchart TD
    A[Determine Load & Number of Nails] --> B[Locate Vertical Load Line on Nail Chart]
    B --> C[Find Intersection with Nail Number Line]
    C --> D{Intersection between 2 nail sizes?}
    D -- Yes --> E[Select Larger Nail Size]
    D -- No --> F[Select Nail Size at Intersection]
    E & F --> G[Check Nail Length Limits]
    G --> H[Ensure Nail Spacing ≤ 75 mm]
    H

IS 10687: Materials and Nail Specifications Summary

Nail Selection (Clause 4.3 & 4.4)

• Nail size and quantity depend on load, perimeter, and spacing.
• Max spacing between nails: 75 mm.
• Nails must be evenly spaced around the perimeter.
• Nails > 100 mm not allowed for fixing ends/sides to skid base.
• For rail transport, nails should be ≥ 64 mm.

Nail Size Selection Procedure (Clause 4.4.2)

1. Calculate perimeter (P) of the case.
2. Calculate minimum number of nails = ( \frac{P}{75} ).
3. Use nail chart (Fig. 4) to find nail size for given load and number of nails.
4. If intersection falls between two sizes, choose the larger nail.

Example

• Case size: 3000 mm × 1500 mm
• Perimeter = 9000 mm
• Gross mass = 4000 kg
• Nails needed = ( \frac{9000}{75} = 120 )
• Nail size from chart = 80 mm

Nail Specifications (Clause 4.3.1)

• Use 90 mm or 100 mm, 4.50 mm diameter fully countersunk round wire nails for sheathing/frame.
• Hole diameter = Nail diameter - 1 mm.

Nail Size and Number Calculation Formula

[ \text{Number of nails} \geq \frac{\text{Perimeter (mm)}}{75} ]

Nail Diameter for Sheathing Fixing

flowchart TD
    A[Calculate Perimeter] --> B[Determine Nail Spacing ≤ 75 mm]
    B --> C[Calculate Number of Nails = Perimeter/75]
    C --> D[Use Nail Chart with Load & Number of Nails]
    D --> E{Intersection between sizes?}
    E -- Yes --> F[Select Larger Nail Size]
    E -- No --> G[Use Nail Size at Intersection]
    F & G --> H[Fix Nails Evenly Around Perimeter]

IS 10687: Nailing of Large Framed Wooden Containers - Key Guidelines

While IS 10687 does not provide explicit formulas, it emphasizes:

• Nailing Pattern: Proper distribution to ensure strength and safety.
• Nail Size: As per related standards, typically depends on wood thickness.
• Number of Nails: Calculated based on load, wood type, and container size.

General Guidelines for Nail Selection & Number:

Approximate Nail Number Calculation:

[ N = \frac{P}{F_n \times A_n} ]

Where:

• (N) = Number of nails
• (P) = Total load or force to be resisted (N)
• (F_n) = Allowable nail withdrawal or shear strength (N per nail)
• (A_n) = Effective nail area or embedment length

Key Points:

• Use longer nails for thicker wood to ensure good embedment.
• Maintain uniform spacing for load distribution.
• Consider shear and withdrawal strength of nails based on wood species.
• Follow economical use of nails without compromising safety.

flowchart LR
    A[Load on Container] --> B[Determine Nail Strength]
    B --> C[Calculate Number of Nails]
    C --> D[Select Nail Size & Length]
    D --> E[Apply Nailing Pattern]
    E --> F[Ensure Safety & Economy]

For detailed nail sizes and strengths, consult IS 851 (for nails) and IS 303 (for wooden packing cases).

IS 10687: Wooden Sheathed Cases - Key Points & Formulas

1. Wooden Sheathed Cases (Clause 4.1)

• Large framed wooden containers are nailed properly to ensure structural integrity.
• Use skids (Clause 2.1.3) as base longitudinal timber beams supporting the load.
• Skids may be vertically laminated for strength if length or cross-section demands.
• Components include:
  • Intermediate members/sills
  • Metal strapping for reinforcement
  • Rubbing strips or forklift battens for handling protection
  • BO110M sheathing (plywood or wooden boards)

2. Plywood Sheathed Cases (Clause 4.2)

• When a single plywood sheet can’t cover the case size, join sheets over a frame member or support internally along the length.
• This prevents sagging and ensures load distribution.

3. Nailing & Joining Specifications

• Nails must penetrate sufficiently into the frame to ensure holding strength.
• Overlapping sheets must be supported on intermediate frame members.

Typical Structural Elements (Fig. 1 Sill-Based Case)

graph LR
A[Skids (Base longitudinal beams)] --> B[Intermediate Sill]
B --> C[Intermediate Members]
C --> D[Plywood Sheathing]
D --> E[Metal Strapping]
D --> F[Rubbing Strips / Forklift Battens]

Summary Table for Sheathing Support

Note: For nailing, refer to IS 10687 Clause 4.1 for nail size and spacing, typically nails penetrate at least 1.5 times the thickness of the thinner member.

For detailed design, always cross-check with IS 10687 tables for nail sizes, spacing, and timber grading.

Nailing Techniques and Nail Driving (IS 10687)

Nail Quantity per Joint (Clause 4.3.2)

• For 45 x 100 mm members: Use 2 nails per joint.
• For 45 x 150 mm members: Use 3 nails per joint.
• For 45 x 200 mm members: Use 4 nails per joint.

Nail Driving (Clause 4.1.1.1)

• Nails must be driven so head and point do not project above the wood surface.
• Overdriving allowed up to:
  • Maximum 1/8 of wood thickness or
  • 3 mm, whichever is less.

Nail Size & Hole Diameter (Clause 4.3.1)

• Use 90 mm or 100 mm, 4.50 mm diameter fully countersunk round wire nails for treated members.
• Drill holes with diameter 1 mm less than nail diameter (i.e., 3.5 mm hole for 4.5 mm nail).

Summary Table: Nails per Joint

Nail Driving Limits

flowchart TD
    A[Select Member Size] --> B{Member Size}
    B -->|45x100| C[Use 2 Nails]
    B -->|45x150| D[Use 3 Nails]
    B -->|45x200| E[Use 4 Nails]
    C & D & E --> F[Drive Nails Flush or Slightly Countersunk]
    F --> G{Overdrive?}
    G -->|Yes| H[Max 1/8 thickness or 3 mm]
    G -->|No| I[Properly Driven Nail]

This ensures structural integrity and proper fastening per IS 10687.

IS 10687: Nailing of Side and End Sheathing - Key Points

1. Nail Length and Penetration (Clause 4.1.2)

• Nails driven into flat face of member: penetration ≤ 50 mm.
• Nails driven into edge of member: at least 2/3 of nail length must extend into the member.

2. Nail Spacing & Quantity (Clause 4.1.3.1 & 4.1.3)

• For edge members 100-150 mm wide: ≥ 23 nails/m.
• For edge members 200 mm wide (including sills): ≥ 30 nails/m.
• Minimum nails per board:
  • Boards 60-75 mm wide: ≥ 2 nails.
  • Wider boards: ≥ 3 nails.

3. Nail Spacing for Fixing to Skid Base (Clause 4.4.1)

• Nail spacing: 37 mm ≤ spacing ≤ 75 mm.
• Number of nails depends on nail size and skid length (see Fig. 4).

Summary Table for Nailing Requirements

flowchart LR
    A[Sheathing] --> B[Frame Members]
    B --> C{Nail Position}
    C -->|Flat Face| D[Nail length ≤ 50 mm]
    C -->|Edge| E[Nail length penetration ≥ 2/3]
    A --> F[Edge Members]
    F --> G{Width}
    G -->|100-150 mm| H[Nails ≥ 23/m]
    G -->|200 mm| I[Nails ≥ 30/m]
    A --> J

IS 10687: Spacing of Nails for Sheathing

Key Specifications & Formulas

• Nail Spacing for Side & End Sections (Clause 4.4.1):

  • Nails spaced 37 mm to 75 mm apart
  • Number of nails per Fig. 4 (depends on nail length: 50 mm or 60 mm)

• Nails per Linear Metre on Edge Members (Clause 4.1.3.1):

  • Edge width 100–150 mm: ≥ 23 nails/m
  • Edge width 200 mm: ≥ 30 nails/m
  • Sheathing board width 60–75 mm: min 2 nails per board
  • Wider boards: min 3 nails per board

• Diagonal Nailing (Clause 4.1.4):

  • Nails spaced ≤ 90 mm apart
  • Outer nails ≤ 25 mm from edges
  • Nails staggered to avoid grain alignment
  • Nails must penetrate both members and be clinched

Nail Spacing Summary Table

Nail Pattern Diagram (Fig. 3 Concept)

graph LR
A[Sheathing Board] --> B[Edge Member]
B --> C[Nails spaced 37-75 mm]
A --> D[Diagonal Member]
D --> E[Nails spaced ≤ 90 mm, staggered]

Note: Always clinch nails on diagonals and stagger nails to avoid splitting along the grain.

Nailing at Frame Member Joints (IS 10687 Key Points):

• Number of Nails per Joint:

  Frame Member Width	Number of Nails at Each Joint
  90 mm	2
  140 mm	3
  200 mm	4

• Nailing into Specific Member Sizes (Clause 4.3.2):

  Member Size (WxH mm)	Nails per Joint
  45 x 100	2
  45 x 150	3
  45 x 200	4

• Nail Spacing and Arrangement (Clause 4.2.1.2):

  • Nails must be staggered and clinched in two parallel rows.
  • Minimum spacing between rows: 50 mm.
  • Maximum spacing between nails in a row: 100 mm.

• Sheathing Nailing (Clause 4.1.7 & 4.1.2):

  • Bottom sheathing boards: 80 mm nails, spaced ~50 mm centers, staggered.
  • Along edges with grain: nails spaced ~150 mm apart.
  • Nails driven into flat face: length ≤ 50 mm.
  • Nails driven into edge: at least 2/3 of nail length must embed into the member.

flowchart LR
    A[Frame Member Width] -->|90 mm| B[2 Nails]
    A -->|140 mm| C[3 Nails]
    A -->|200 mm| D[4 Nails]
    E[Member Size] -->|45x100| F[2 Nails]
    E -->|45x150| G[3 Nails]
    E -->|45x200| H[4 Nails]
    I[Nail Arrangement] --> J[2 Parallel Rows]
    J --> K[≥50 mm between rows]
    J --> L[≤100 mm between nails in a row]

Summary: Use the number of nails per joint based on member width or size, stagger nails in two rows with proper spacing, and ensure nail length and embedment follow the specified limits for sheathing and frame members

Key Specifications & Formulas for Nailing Plywood to Battens (IS 10687):

• Nail Diameter: ≥ 2.00 mm (steel wire)

• Nail Head Diameter: ≥ 6 mm

• Nail Length:
  [ \text{Length} \geq \text{Thickness of plywood} + \text{Thickness of frame member} + 3 \text{ mm} ]

• Nail Spacing:

  • For top battens (prefabricated top, Clause 4.1.5):
    Nails ≤ 75 mm apart in two parallel rows near edges.
  • For diagonals (Clause 4.1.4):
    Nails ≤ 90 mm apart, with edge nails ≤ 25 mm from edges, staggered to avoid alignment with grain.
  • Minimum Nails: 7 nails per 300 mm length.

Nail Spacing Summary Table

Diagram: Nailing Pattern for Sheathing

flowchart LR
    A[Plywood Sheet] --> B[Battens]
    B --> C[Nails spaced ≤ 75 mm (top battens)]
    B --> D[Nails spaced ≤ 90 mm (diagonals), staggered]
    C & D --> E[Clinched nails]

Summary: Use steel nails ≥2 mm diameter with heads ≥6 mm, length = plywood + frame thickness + 3 mm. Space nails ≤75 mm for top battens in two rows, ≤90 mm for diagonals staggered, minimum 7 nails per 300 mm length.

Nail Size and Quantity Selection per IS 10687

Nail Size Selection (Clause 4.3 & 4.3.1)

• Use 90 mm or 100 mm length, 4.50 mm diameter fully countersunk round wire nails for fixing through sheathing, frame members, top bracing, struts, and sills.
• Hole diameter = Nail diameter - 1 mm (e.g., for 4.5 mm nail, hole = 3.5 mm).
• Nails larger than 100 mm should NOT be used for fixing ends and sides to skid bases.
• For rail transport, minimum nail length = 64 mm.

Nail Quantity & Size Calculation (Clause 4.4 & 4.4.2)

• Nail spacing ≤ 75 mm around the perimeter.
• Number of nails = Perimeter (mm) / 75.
• Use Nail Chart (Fig. 4):
  • Find load on vertical axis, number of nails on horizontal axis.
  • Intersection gives nail size; if between sizes, choose larger nail.
• Nails must be evenly spaced around the case perimeter.

Example:

• Case: 3000 mm × 1500 mm, mass = 4000 kg.
• Perimeter = 2 × (3000 + 1500) = 9000 mm.
• Nails ≥ 9000 / 75 = 120 nails.
• Chart indicates 80 mm nails for 120 nails and given load.

Summary Table:

flowchart TD
    A[Determine Load & Case Perimeter] --> B[Calculate Nail Quantity = Perimeter/75]
    B --> C[Use Nail Chart (Load vs. Number of Nails)]
    C --> D{Intersection Nail Size?}
    D -- Between sizes --> E[Select Larger Nail]
    D -- Exact size --> F[Select

IS 10687 - Nail Chart for Load Calculations (Clauses 4.3, 4.4, 4.4.2)

How to Use the Nail Chart (Clause 4.4.2)

• Step 1: Identify the vertical line corresponding to the applied load (kg or N).
• Step 2: Move horizontally to the line indicating the number of nails.
• Step 3: The intersection gives the minimum nail size to be used.
• Rule: If intersection falls between two nail sizes, use the larger size.
• Spacing: Nails should be evenly spaced around the perimeter; max spacing = 75 mm.

Example:

• Case dimensions: 3000 mm × 1500 mm → Perimeter = 9000 mm
• Max nail spacing = 75 mm → Minimum nails = 9000 / 75 = 120 nails
• Load = 4000 kg → From chart, use 80 mm nails for 120 nails.
• Nails > 100 mm not allowed for fixing to skid base.
• For rail transport, nail size ≥ 64 mm.

Nail Size Selection Summary:

Important:

• Nails must be evenly spaced.
• Use larger nail size if between two sizes.
• Follow the nail chart (Fig. 4 in IS 10687) for exact size vs load vs number of nails.

flowchart LR
    A[Determine Load] --> B[Calculate Perimeter]
    B --> C[Calculate Min Nails = Perimeter/75]
    C --> D[Find intersection on Nail Chart]
    D --> E{Intersection between two sizes?}
    E -- Yes --> F[Use Larger Nail Size]
    E -- No --> G[Use Intersection Nail Size]
    F --> H[Check nail length limits]
    G --> H
    H --> I[Evenly space nails around perimeter]

This ensures safe and effective fastening of skid-type cases per IS

IS 10687: Safety and Handling Considerations for Nails in Wooden Containers

Key Points from Clause 4.4.2 & Table 4.3:

• Nail Selection:
  Use the nail chart (Fig. 4) by locating the vertical line for the load and intersecting with the number of nails.

  • If intersection falls between two nail sizes, choose the larger nail.
  • Nails must be evenly spaced around the perimeter.

• Spacing & Number of Nails:

  • Max spacing = 75 mm
  • Minimum nails = Perimeter / 75
  • Example: For a 9,000 mm perimeter → minimum 120 nails.

• Nail Size Limits:

  • Nails > 100 mm not allowed for fixing ends/sides to skid bases.
  • For rail transport, nails must be ≥ 64 mm.

Nail Usage Example:

Units & Symbols (SI Units)

• 1 N = 1 kg·m/s²
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m²

Summary Diagram: Nail Selection Process

flowchart TD
    A[Determine Load] --> B[Find vertical line on Nail Chart]
    B --> C[Locate number of nails line]
    C --> D{Intersection point}
    D -->|Between two nail sizes| E[Choose larger nail]
    D -->|On nail size line| F[Select nail size]
    E --> G[Check nail size ≤ 100 mm (except rail transport)]
    F --> G
    G --> H[Ensure nail spacing ≤ 75 mm]
    H --> I[Use nails evenly spaced around perimeter]

**Use this guidance for safe and effective nailing in wooden container construction per IS 106

IS 10687: Glossary of Wooden Packaging Terms - Key Points

This standard references BS 1133 for wooden packaging terminology. Key definitions include:

• Edge Members (Clause 2.1.1): Timber parts forming the edges of a crate framework.
• Skids (Clause 2.1.3): External longitudinal timber beams forming the base, supporting load with cross boarding. Can be vertically laminated for strength.

Common Wooden Packaging Components:

Typical Case Base (Sill-Based Case) - Fig. 1

• Skids form base longitudinal beams.
• Cross boarding connects skids.
• Edge members form vertical edges.
• Metal strapping secures the assembly.

graph LR
  A[Skids (Base beams)] --> B[Cross Boarding]
  B --> C[Edge Members]
  C --> D[Metal Strapping]
  D --> E[Sheathing]

This glossary aids clear communication and design of wooden packaging per IS 10687.