Requirements for equipment for Jackson candle turbidimeter and determination of turbidity

IS 10053: Scope - Key Specifications & Tables

Scope:
IS 10053 covers methods for turbidity estimation in water using visual methods like candle turbidimeter or bottle standards.

Key Specifications:

• Turbidity Estimation Methods:

  • Candle Turbidimeter
  • Bottle Standards

• Units:
  Turbidity is expressed in Turbidity Units (TU).

• Rounding off results:
  Final test values are rounded as per JS: 2-1960, maintaining significant figures consistent with specified values.

Important Tables:

Table 1: Graduation of Candle Turbidimeter (Light Path vs Turbidity Units)

Light path measured from inside bottom of glass tube.

Units (SI) used in IS 10053:

Summary Diagram: Turbidity Measurement Setup

flowchart LR
    A[Water Sample] --> B[Candle Turbidimeter]
    B --> C[Light Path Measurement]
    C --> D[Compare with Standard Turbidity Units Table]
    D --> E[Estimate Turbidity (TU)]

This scope ensures consistent turbidity measurement with internationally coordinated units

IS 10053: Terminology & Key Specifications

1. Terminology & Units (Clause 3.1.1 & SI Units Table)

• Uses SI Units for all measurements:
  • Length: metre (m)
  • Mass: kilogram (kg)
  • Time: second (s)
  • Electric current: ampere (A)
  • Temperature: kelvin (K)
  • Luminous intensity: candela (cd)
  • Amount of substance: mole (mol)
• Derived units include:
  • Force: newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s²
  • Energy: joule (J) = 1 N·m
  • Power: watt (W) = 1 J/s
  • Pressure/stress: pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m²
  • Frequency: hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle/s

2. Turbidity Measurement (Clause 4.1, Table 1)

• Turbidity units are related to light path length (cm) in a candle turbidimeter.
• Example values:

• Turbidity is visually estimated by comparing sample turbidity with standard suspensions using candle turbidimeter or bottle standards.

3. Rounding Off (Clause 0.5)

• Final test results should be rounded off as per JS: 2-1960, matching the significant digits of the specified value.

Summary Diagram: Turbidity Measurement Setup

flowchart LR
    A[Standard Candle] --> B[Candle Holder Cover]
    B --> C[Annular Extension Tube]
    C --> D[Glass Tube with Sample]
    D --> E[Light Path Measurement]
    E --> F[Turbidity Units Determined]

This concise overview helps understand the terminology, units, and turbidity measurement standards per IS

Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU) & Measurement Range (IS 10053)

• Definition: Turbidity measured by the candle turbidimeter expressed in JTU (Clause 3.1).

• Measurement Range:

  • Direct measurement: 25 JTU to 1000 JTU.
  • Higher turbidities: possible with dilution.
  • Below 25 JTU: use indirect secondary methods (Clause 3.1).

• Calibration Standard:

  • Formazin polymer suspension used for nephelometer calibration (Appendix A).
  • 40 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) ≈ 40 JTU (Clause 3.3).

• Recording Turbidity (Table B-3.1):

• Sample Comparison (5 to 100 JTU):
  Compare shaken samples with standard suspensions diluted in turbidity-free water. Use identical bottles and lighting to visually match turbidity (Clause B-2.2.1).

flowchart LR
    A[Sample Preparation] --> B[Shake Sample & Standards]
    B --> C[Place in Identical Bottles]
    C --> D[Visual Comparison Against Standards]
    D --> E[Record Turbidity as Closest Standard]

This method ensures reliable turbidity readings within the specified JTU ranges.

IS 10053: Equipment Requirements for Jackson Candle Turbidimeter

Key Specifications & Units (from IS 10053 context):

• Visual Method: Use either the Jackson Candle or Turbidimeter for turbidity estimation.
• Measurement Units: Follow SI Units as per IS:
  • Length: metre (m)
  • Mass: kilogram (kg)
  • Time: second (s)
  • Luminous intensity: candela (cd)
  • Pressure/Stress: pascal (Pa) = N/m²
  • Frequency: hertz (Hz) = cycles/second

Equipment Requirements Summary:

• Jackson Candle Turbidimeter:
  • Must provide standardized candle illumination.
  • Visual comparison against bottle standards.
• Bottle Standards:
  • Calibrated turbidity standards for visual matching.
• Measurement Expression:
  • Turbidity expressed in Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU).

Important Formula Reference:

• Pressure (Pa):
  [ 1 \text{ Pa} = 1 \text{ N/m}^2 = 1 \text{ kg·m}^{-1}\text{s}^{-2} ]

• Force (N):
  [ 1 \text{ N} = 1 \text{ kg·m/s}^2 ]

Summary Table for SI Units (selected):

flowchart LR
  A[Jackson Candle] --> B[Turbidity Estimation]
  C[Bottle Standards] --> B
  B --> D[Visual Comparison]
  D --> E[Result in JTU]

Note: For detailed calibration and operational procedures, refer to

IS 10053: Standard Candle Specifications Summary

Candle Dimensions & Material (Clause 4.2):

• Length: 150 mm
• Diameter: 20 mm (uniform)
• Material: Paraffin wax or beeswax with spermaceti
• Solidifying (congealing) point: 58 to 60°C
• Burn rate: 7.39 to 8.16 g/hr (114 to 126 grains/hr)
• Flame: Clear, white, smokeless, odourless, constant height & position

Candle Holder & Support:

• Candle pressed against holder top by a helical compression spring (IS 4454 Part I steel wire)
• Distance from bottom of glass tube to candle holder top: 76 mm
• Wick trimmed before each lighting

Table 1: Graduation of Candle Turbidimeter (Clause 4.1)

(Measured from inside bottom of glass tube)

Key Notes on Setup (Clauses 4.1 & 4.4):

• Candle & turbidity tube aligned vertically, centerlines coincident.
• Tripod stand: cast iron base, brass legs, chromium-plated brass candle holder.
• Candle flame kept at constant distance from tube bottom (76 mm).
• Standard candle turbidimeter includes candle, calibrated glass tube, tripod stand, and visual comparison bottles.

flowchart TB
    A[Standard Candle] --> B[Burn Rate 7.39-8.16 g/hr]
    B --> C[Flame: Clear, White, Smokeless]
    A --> D[Dimensions: 150 mm x 20 mm]
    A --> E[Material: Paraffin/Beeswax + Spermaceti]
    F[Spring Holder] --> A
    G[Glass Tube] --> H

IS 10053: Turbidity Tube Dimensions & Calibration

1. Turbidity Tube Dimensions (Clause 4.3.1)

• Internal Diameter: 25 mm
• Total Length: 250 to 760 mm (varies by turbidity range)
• Graduation: 0 to 76 cm in 1 mm divisions (corresponds to 25 to 1000 turbidity units)
• Material: Transparent, colourless, optically plain natural glass with flat polished bottom (no distortions or dark spots)

2. Calibration Table for Candle Turbidimeter (Clause 4.1)

Light path is measured from inside bottom of the tube.

3. Key Notes:

• Calibration relates turbidity units to the length of the light path through the suspension.
• Use standard suspensions for visual comparison.
• Tube must be free from scratches and optical distortions for accurate readings.

flowchart TD
    A[Turbidity Tube] --> B[Transparent Glass, 25mm dia]
    B --> C[Length: 250-760 mm]
    C --> D[Graduated 0-76 cm in 1 mm]
    D --> E[Light Path Measurement]
    E --> F[Calibration Table]
    F --> G[Turbidity Units]

This setup ensures reliable turbidity measurement per IS 10053.

IS 10053: Tripod Stand and Support Assembly for Candle Turbidimeter

Key Specifications (Clause 4.4)

• Tripod Stand:
  • Base made of cast iron.
  • Legs made of brass.
• Candle Holder:
  • Made of brass with chromium plating.
• Support Assembly:
  • Spring-loaded cylinder to keep the candle pressed upwards as it burns.
  • Vertical alignment: The centreline of the turbidity tube must pass through the centreline of the candle.
  • Vertical distance from the bottom of the tube to the top of candle support = 76 mm.

Table 1: Graduation of Candle Turbidimeter (Clause 4.1)

(Light path measured from inside bottom of glass tube)

Summary Diagram (Tripod Stand Assembly)

graph TD
    A[Cast Iron Base] --> B[Brass Legs]
    B --> C[Brass Candle Holder (Chromium Plated)]
    C --> D[Spring Loaded Cylinder Support]
    D --> E[Standard Candle]
    F[Turbidity Tube] -->|Centreline aligned| E
    E -->|Vertical distance 76 mm| F

This assembly ensures precise vertical alignment and consistent measurement conditions for turbidity testing using the candle turbidimeter.

IS 10053: Preparation of Standard Suspensions for Visual Comparison

Key Formulas & Preparation Steps

• Stock Turbidity Suspension (Clause A-1.3):
  In a 100 ml volumetric flask, mix 5.0 ml each of Solution I & II, stand for 24 hours at 25 ± 3ºC, then dilute to mark and mix.
  → Turbidity = 400 NTU

Table: Standard Suspensions for Visual Comparison (Clause 4.1)

*Light path measured from inside bottom of glass tube.

Specifications for Jackson Standard Turbidimeter (Fig. 2 & 3)

• Components:

  • Annular extension tube
  • Annular tube holder with chromium-plated base
  • Brass disc soldered on ends
  • Candle holder cover
  • Standard candle
  • Tripod stand and support

• Dimensions: All in millimeters (refer to IS 10053

IS 10053: Measurement Procedure for Turbidity

Key Formulas & Tables

1. Graduation of Candle Turbidimeter (Clause 4.1)

*Measured from inside bottom of glass tube.

This table correlates light path length in the turbidimeter with turbidity units (NTU) for visual comparison.

2. Estimation Methods

• Candle Turbidimeter: Uses light scattering by suspended particles; turbidity is read by comparing the visibility of a candle flame through the sample.
• Bottle Standards: Visual comparison with prepared standard suspensions (Clause 2.2).

Measurement Procedure Summary

1. Fill the turbidimeter tube with the water sample.
2. Observe candle flame visibility through the sample.
3. Compare with standard turbidity units from Table 1 based on light path.
4. Record turbidity in NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).

Additional Notes

• Use standard candle and Jackson turbidimeter assembly (Fig. 2 & 3) for consistent measurements.
• Follow SI units for reporting (e.g., length in meters, turbidity in NTU).

flowchart TD
    A[Prepare Sample] --> B[Fill Turbidimeter Tube]
    B --> C[Observe Candle Flame]
    C --> D[Compare Visibility with Table 1]
    D --> E[Record Turbidity in NTU]

This concise procedure ensures reliable turbidity estimation per IS 10053.

IS 10053: Dilution & Calculation for High Turbidity Samples

Key Points from Clauses:

• Standard Suspension Preparation:

  • Mix 5 ml each of solution I & II in a 100 ml flask.
  • Stand 24 hrs at 25 ± 3ºC, dilute to mark → turbidity = 400 NTU (Clause 1.3).

• Dilution for High Turbidity (>1000 JTU):

  • Dilute sample with turbidity-free water until turbidity < 1000 JTU.
  • Turbidity of original = Turbidity of diluted × Dilution factor (Clause 2.1.2).

• Example:

  • 1 volume sample + 5 volumes water → diluted turbidity = 500 JTU.
  • Original turbidity = 500 × (1 + 5) = 3000 JTU.

• Standard Turbidity Suspension:

  • Dilute 10 ml stock suspension to 100 ml with turbidity-free water.
  • Turbidity of this water = 40 NTU (Clause 2.1).

Formula for Original Turbidity:

[ \text{Turbidity}{original} = \text{Turbidity}{diluted} \times \text{Dilution Factor} ]

Where:

[ \text{Dilution Factor} = \frac{\text{Volume of sample} + \text{Volume of diluent}}{\text{Volume of sample}} ]

Summary Table:

flowchart LR
    A[Sample with turbidity > 1000 JTU] --> B[Dilute with turbidity-free water]
    B --> C[Measure diluted turbidity < 1000 JTU]
    C --> D[Calculate original turbidity]
    D -->|Original turbidity = Diluted turbidity × Dilution factor|

IS 10053: Stock & Standard Turbidity Suspensions (Appendix A)

A-1. Stock Turbidity Suspension

• Preparation:
  • Mix 5.0 ml each of Solution I & II in a 100 ml volumetric flask.
  • Stand for 24 hours at 25 ± 3ºC.
  • Dilute to the mark and mix well.
• Turbidity: 400 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).

A-2. Standard Turbidity Suspension

• Preparation:
  • Dilute 10.00 ml of stock suspension to 100 ml with turbidity-free water.
• Turbidity: 40 NTU.

Visual Comparison Method (Clause B-2.2.1)

• For turbidity range 5 to 100 JTU:
  • Prepare standards by diluting concentrated suspensions with turbidity-free water.
  • Use identical bottles with enough headspace for shaking.
  • Compare sample and standards visually against a background (ruled lines or newsprint).
  • Arrange lighting to avoid glare; record turbidity as the closest matching standard.

Summary Table

flowchart TD
    A[Solution I (5 ml)] --> C[Mix in 100 ml flask]
    B[Solution II (5 ml)] --> C
    C --> D[Stand 24h at 25±3°C]
    D --> E[Dilute to 100 ml mark & mix]
    E --> F[Stock Suspension: 400 NTU]
    F --> G[Dilute 10 ml to 100 ml]
    G --> H[Standard Suspension: 40 NTU]

This ensures consistent turbidity standards for water testing per IS 10053.

IS 10053: Preparation of Standard Suspensions for Visual Comparison

Key Formulas & Specifications

A-1. Stock Turbidity Suspension (Clause A-1.3)

• Mix 5.0 ml each of Solution I & II in a 100 ml volumetric flask.
• Let stand for 24 hours at 25 ± 3ºC.
• Dilute to the mark and mix.
• Resulting turbidity = 400 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).

A-2. Standard Turbidity Suspension (Clause 4.1)

• Light path measured from inside bottom of glass tube.
• Used for visual turbidity comparison in Jackson Candle Turbidimeter.

Apparatus Details (Fig. 2 & 3)

• Jackson Standard Turbidimeter consists of:
  • Candle holder with standard candle.
  • Annular extension tube.
  • Brass disc soldered on ends.
  • Tripod stand and support.
• All dimensions in millimeters.

Summary:

• Prepare stock suspension (400 NTU) by mixing equal volumes of Solutions I & II, dilute to 100 ml.
• Use Table 1 for correlating light path length with turbidity units.
• Visual comparison done using Jackson Candle Turbidimeter assembly.

flowchart LR
    A[Prepare Stock Suspension] --> B[Dilute to 100 ml]
    B --> C[Obtain 400 NTU Suspension]
    C --> D[Use Table for Turbidity Units vs Light Path]
    D --> E[Visual Comparison in Turbidimeter]

This ensures standardized visual turbidity measurement per IS 10053.