IRC 35:2015 is the Indian Roads Congress Code of Practice for Road Markings, providing comprehensive guidelines for the design, application, and maintenance of road markings on Indian roads. It covers various types of markings including lane lines, pedestrian crossings, parking, hazard warnings, and raised profile markings, ensuring safety, visibility, and traffic regulation. This standard is essential for highway engineers, traffic planners, and road safety professionals involved in road infrastructure development and maintenance.
Overview
IRC 35:2015 is the Indian Roads Congress Code of Practice for Road Markings, providing comprehensive guidelines for the design, application, and maintenance of road markings on Indian roads. It covers various types of markings including lane lines, pedestrian crossings, parking, hazard warnings, and raised profile markings, ensuring safety, visibility, and traffic regulation. This standard is essential for highway engineers, traffic planners, and road safety professionals involved in road infrastructure development and maintenance.
Audience
Contents
Structure
The scope of IRC 35 is defined in Section 1, Clause 1.2, which covers specifications and standards for road markings on highways. It includes materials, types, visibility, and application of pavement markings to ensure safety and uniformity. The code references Clause 803 of the MORTH Specification for Road and Bridge Works for technical specifications of road marking materials (Clause 2.1.3). It also provides detailed classifications of pavement markings (Section 3) and specific marking guidelines for road links such as center lines, lane lines, no overtaking lines, and edge lines (Section 4). Annexure A and Tables 5.2 and 5.3 provide further details on markings and road studs (Clauses 5.2 and 5.3).
Sources: Section 1, Clause 1.2, Clause 2.1.3, Clauses 5.2, 5.3
IRC 35 specifies key materials and application methods for road markings as follows:
Materials:
Application Factors:
Classification of Pavement Markings: Seven categories based on function and placement:
Reference: For detailed technical specifications of materials, Clause 803 of MORTH's "Specification for Road and Bridge Works" is to be referred (Clause 2.1.3).
Additional: Colour patterns, visibility related to speeds, and retro reflectivity requirements are covered in Clauses 1.4 and 2.7-2.8.
Note: Detailed figures, dimensions, and colour patterns for markings are provided in Annexure A (Tables A.1 to A.7).
This ensures quality control and durability of markings per IRC 35 requirements.
Sources: Clause 1.4, Clause 2.1.3, Clause 2.9.3, Section 3, Annexure A Tables A.1 to A.7
IRC 35 classifies pavement markings into seven types: Longitudinal Marking (LM), Transverse Marking (TM), Hazard Marking (HM), Block Marking (BM), Arrow Marking (AM), Directional Marking (DM), and Facility Marking (FM) as per Section 3. These markings are detailed with dimensions, colour patterns, and abbreviations in Tables A.1 to A.7 of Annexure A. The general colour patterns for markings and background surfaces are specified in Clause 2.6. Key materials include Thermoplastic Markings, Solventborne and Waterborne Paints, Cold Applied Plastics, and Preformed Adhesive Tapes (Clause 1.4). Durability and retro reflectivity depend on material composition, application procedure, machines, roadway surface, and traffic presence (Clause 2.9.3). For road studs details, refer Table 5.3 and for detailed marking figures and dimensions, see Annexure A (Clause 5.3).
Sources: Clause 1.4, Clause 2.6, Clause 2.9.3, Section 3, Clause 5.3, Annexure A Tables A.1 to A.7, Table 5.3
Key specifications for longitudinal markings per IRC 35 are as follows:
The following table from Clause 4.3 summarizes longitudinal markings for undivided roads by road category and carriageway width:
| Road Category | Traffic Movement | Carriage Way Width | Centre Line | Edge Line | Traffic Lane Line | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single/Intermediate Lane | Two way | <5.5 m | NA | LM23 | NA | Fig. 4.4 |
| Two Lane Road | Two way | 5.5 m to 7 m | LM01 | LM23 | NA | Fig. 4.5 |
| Two Lane Road with Shoulder | Two way | >7 m | LM02 | LM24 | NA | Fig. 4.6 |
| Three Lane Road | Two way | >11 m | HM10/HM11 | LM24 | LM02 | Fig. 4.7 |
| Four Lane Road | Two way | >14 m | HM10/HM11 | LM24 | LM02 | Fig. 4.8 |
These markings ensure clear lane demarcation and traffic guidance as per IRC 35 Clauses 4.3, 4.6, 4.7.1, and 4.8.1.
Sources: Clause 4.7.1, Clause 4.8.1, Clause 4.3
As per IRC 35, Clause 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, the key specifications for road studs and their placement are detailed in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 respectively, with additional marking details in Annexure A. These tables specify the types, dimensions, colors, and lateral placement positions of road studs on the carriageway. The lateral placement (Clause 5.3) ensures proper alignment and visibility for lane demarcation and safety. Since the exact tables and formulas are referenced but not provided in the context, the user should consult Tables 5.1 to 5.3 and Annexure A in IRC 35 for comprehensive data on road stud types, dimensions, colors, and lateral placement distances from the road edge or lane lines.
Sources: Clause 5.1, Clause 5.2, Clause 5.3
For Stop and Give Way markings as per IRC 35:
Stop Marking: As per Clause 6.1 and Fig. 6.1, a Stop line marking is provided along with a Stop sign.
Give Way Marking: According to Clause 6.2 and Fig. 6.2, Give Way markings are used when the visibility funnel is clear.
Visibility Funnel Distances (Table 6.1): The visibility distance on the major road (y) depends on the speed on the major road as follows:
| Speed on Major Road (kmph) | Visibility Distance on Major Road (y) (m) |
|---|---|
| 31 - 50 | 30 |
| 51 - 65 | 45 |
| 66 - 80 | 70 |
| 81 - 100 | 90 |
| > 100 | 120 |
Minor Road Distance (x): Distance measured along the centre line of the minor road from the edge line of the major road is also considered but specific values are not provided in the context.
Additional Specifications: Per Clause 9.3.4, a Stop line marking with Stop sign is mandatory. If the visibility funnel is clear, Give Way marking with Give Way sign is used. A barrier line of about 30 m length is provided on the side road, preceded by a warning line.
This ensures safe and clear traffic control at intersections based on visibility and speed criteria.
Sources: Clause 6.1, Clause 6.2, Clause 6.3, Table 6.1, Clause 9.3.4
As per Clause 7.7.1 of IRC 35, raised profile edge lines are continuous line markings with ribs at regular intervals, providing both visual and audible warnings to drivers, especially in wet conditions. The ribs' vertical edges stand above the water film, enhancing visibility, and produce vibrations when driven over. The type and pattern of these raised profile lines are detailed in Fig. 7.4 (Clause 7.4). Typical dimensions for the ribs are: rib length 500 mm with spacing 200 mm, and rib length 150 mm with spacing 200 mm. Additionally, Clause 4.5.4 specifies that edge lines along raised kerbs should have a setback distance of not less than 200 mm from the vertical face of the kerb to avoid being buried under mud or water, ensuring their effectiveness.
Sources: Clause 7.7.1, Clause 7.4, Clause 4.5.4
As per IRC 35 Clause 8.1 and 8.2, directional arrows indicate traffic flow direction, while deflection arrows represent horizontal alignment changes. According to Clause 8.2.2, deflection arrows of different lengths are specified based on design speed:
These lengths correspond to the deflection arrow shown in Fig. 8.2 and relate to the chord lengths of 1500 mm, 2000 mm, and 3000 mm respectively, as referenced in Table A.5 of Annexure A (AM17/AM18/AM19). This ensures appropriate visual guidance for drivers at varying speeds.
Sources: Clause 8.1, Clause 8.2, Clause 8.2.2, Fig. 8.2, Table A.5 Annexure A
For markings at intersections and roundabouts as per IRC 35, key specifications include:
Give Way Marking and Sign at roundabout entry points, as detailed in Fig. 9.14 (Clause 6.2.5).
Typical Marking for Roundabout is illustrated in Fig. 9.15 (Clause 9.15), showing the layout of lane markings and directional arrows.
For roundabouts with approach roads of different categories, refer to Fig. 9.16 (Clause 9.16) which details appropriate markings to manage traffic flow.
For complex layouts like double roundabouts, Fig. 9.18 (Clause 9.18) provides typical marking patterns.
These figures provide the graphical standards for lane lines, yield lines, directional arrows, and other road surface markings essential for safe navigation and traffic control at intersections and roundabouts.
Sources: Clause 6.2.5, Clause 9.14, Clause 9.15, Clause 9.16, Clause 9.18
For Slip Roads and Ramp Markings as per IRC 35, Clause 4.8 and 4.8.3, the longitudinal markings depend on the number of lanes and paved width. Table 4.5 specifies the types of traffic lane lines and edge lines for normal, warning, and no overtaking sections. For example, a single/intermediate lane ramp (<5.5 m) uses LM24 edge lines in normal and warning sections, and LM24 traffic lane lines in no overtaking sections. Two and three lane ramps (>7.5 m and >11 m respectively) have specific LM codes for lane and edge lines.
Similarly, Table 5.3 (Clause 5.3) details road studs for these roads, specifying colors, intervals, and placement for traffic lane and edge lines in different sections. For instance, single lane ramps use red unidirectional studs at 18 m intervals on edge lines in normal sections, and at 6 m intervals in no overtaking sections.
These tables are summarized below:
| Road Category | Traffic Movement | Paved Width | Normal Section | Warning Section | No Overtaking Section | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traffic Lane Line | Edge Lines | Traffic Lane Line | Edge Lines | Traffic Lane Line | Edge Lines | ||||
| Single/Intermediate Lane Ramp/Slip Road/One way street | One way | <5.5 m | NA | LM24 | NA | LM24 | LM24 | Fig. 4.13 | |
| Two Lane Ramp/ Slip Road/One way Street | One way | >7.5 m | LM07/LM08 | LM24 | LM09/LM10 | LM24 | LM23/LM24 | LM24 | Fig. 4.14 |
| Three Lane Ramp/ Slip Road/One way street | One way | >11 m | LM08 | LM24 | LM10 | LM24 | LM24 | LM24 | Fig. 4.15 |
| Road Category | Traffic Movement | Paved Width | Normal Section | Warning Section | No overtaking Section | Applicable Figures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traffic Lane | Edge Lines | Traffic Lane Line | Edge Lines | Traffic Lane Line | Edge Lines | ||||
| Single/ Intermediate Lane Ramp/Slip Road/ One way street | One way | < 5.5 m | NA | Red Unidirectional at 18 m interval (Desirable) | NA | Red Unidirectional at 9 m interval (Desirable) | LM24 | Red Unidirectional at 6 m interval (Desirable) | Fig. 4.13 |
| Two Lane Ramp/ Slip Road/One way street | One way | > 7.5 m | Not Required | Red Unidirectional at 18 m interval (Desirable) | Not Required | Red Unidirectional at 9 m interval (Desirable) | White-White Bidirectional at 12 m interval (Optional) | Red Unidirectional at 6 m interval (Desirable) | Fig. 4.14 |
| Three Lane Ramp/ Slip Road/One way street | One way | > 11 m | White Unidirectional at 18 m interval (Optional) | Red Unidirectional at 18 m interval (Desirable) | Not Required | Red Unidirectional at 9 m interval (Desirable) | White Unidirectional at 12 m interval (Optional) | Red Unidirectional at 6 m interval (Desirable) | Fig. 4.15 |
These markings ensure safe guidance and lane discipline on ramps and slip roads.
Sources: Clause 4.5, Clause 4.8, Clause 4.8.3, Clause 5.3
As per IRC 35 Clause 11.3.5, the width of pedestrian crossings should be governed by pedestrian volume and local requirements, but must not be less than the footpath width, with a minimum of 2.0 m. Typically, crossing widths range from 2 m to 4 m. It is recommended to install flashing signals 3-5 m ahead of crossings in urban areas to alert drivers. For detailed dimensions, refer to Table A.4 in Annexure A of IRC 35. Special treatments for vulnerable reaches are illustrated in Fig. 11.5. These provisions ensure safe and adequate pedestrian movement in human activity zones.
Sources: Clause 11.3.5, Fig. 11.3, Fig. 11.5, Table A.4 of Annexure A
Key specifications from IRC 35 for Bus Bays, Truck Lay-bys, and Toll Plazas include:
Bus Bays (Clause 12.3, Fig. 12.3): Bus bays are marked with designated passenger shelters and physical islands to facilitate safe boarding and alighting. The markings define the bay area clearly.
Truck Lay-bys: While specific formulas are not provided in the retrieved context, truck lay-bys typically include adequate length and width for truck parking, with clear markings for safe entry and exit.
Toll Plazas (Clause 12.5.3): Toll booths must have chevron markings and continuous lines on the approach to indicate queueing extent. This ensures orderly vehicle movement and safety.
No explicit formulas or dimension tables were retrieved for these elements. For detailed dimensions and design, refer to the full IRC 35 standard sections on these facilities.
Sources: Clause 12.3, Clause 12.5.3, Fig. 12.3
Key specifications for Parking and Restrictions as per IRC 35 Section 13 include:
Parking Spaces (Clause 13.1): Parking areas can be designated for specific vehicle types such as TAXI, CARS, SCOOTERS, AUTO-RICKSHAWS, etc., with these words marked on supplementary plates (Clause 13.1.3).
Restrictions (Clause 13.4): Parking restrictions are indicated by yellow kerb painting to mark the extent of restriction and restriction signs placed at 50 m intervals.
Timing for Restrictions: Typical restricted parking hours are Monday to Saturday, 8:00 am to 8:00 pm.
Visual Aids: Fig. 13.4 illustrates 'No-Parking for Certain Hours' signage.
Off-Street Parking: Typical details are provided in Fig. 13.1 for off-street parking layouts.
These provisions ensure clear communication of parking rules and help manage traffic flow effectively.
Sources: Clause 13.1, Clause 13.1.3, Clause 13.4, Fig. 13.1, Fig. 13.4
According to IRC 35, Clause 11.1 and Clauses 14.2.2 to 14.3, the key specifications for markings on obstructions and hazards are as follows:
| Approach Speed (kmph) | Number of TM08 Sets | Distances from Hazard (m) |
|---|---|---|
| Up to 50 | 1 | d1 = 50 |
| 51 to 65 | 2 | d1 = 50, d2 = 80 |
| 66 to 80 | 3 | d1 = 50, d2 = 80, d3 = 120 |
| 81 to 100 | 4 | d1 = 50, d2 = 80, d3 = 120, d4 = 180 |
These markings ensure visibility and safety near obstructions and hazards on roads.
Sources: Clause 11.1, Clause 14.2.2, Clause 14.2.3, Clause 14.3
For Performance Assessment and Monitoring of white pavement markings as per IRC 35, the key specifications are:
The performance criteria for skid resistance are given in Table 15.3:
| Type of Road | Initial (7 Days) BPN | Minimum Threshold Level BPN |
|---|---|---|
| Urban/City | 55 | 45 |
These criteria ensure safety and visibility of pavement markings under urban traffic conditions.
Sources: Clause 15.3, Table 15.3, Clause 2.8.3, Clause 15.5
Frequently Asked
For durable and highly visible road markings, IRC 35 recommends Hot Applied Thermoplastic Compound as the primary material due to its fast drying time, high durability, and superior retroreflective performance, with a service life of 2 to 3 years depending on traffic (Clause 2.2.2). Solvent borne and Waterborne Road Marking Paints are also used, mainly for temporary or short-term markings because they are easier to remove but less durable (Clauses 2.1.1 and 2.3.1). Other materials mentioned include Cold Applied Plastics and Preformed Adhesive Tapes, which serve specific purposes. Overall, thermoplastic markings are preferred for long-lasting visibility and durability.
Sources: Clause 2.1.1, Clause 2.2.2, Clause 2.3.1, Clause 1.4
Raised profile edge lines are continuous line markings with ribs across the line at regular intervals, providing both visual and audible warnings to drivers, especially in wet conditions, as per Clause 7.7.1. The ribs have vertical edges visible above water films and produce vibrations when driven over. The spacing between ribs should generally not exceed 500 mm, but for expressways, a closer spacing of 250 mm is recommended to maintain the rumble effect, per Clause 7.7.2. The width of the raised profile edge line should be between 150 mm and 200 mm, with rib heights typically from 4 mm to 8 mm, and up to 11 mm on expressways. Raised profile markings must be discontinued at pedestrian and cyclist crossways to avoid hazards. These design parameters ensure safety by alerting drivers while considering cyclist safety.
Sources: Clause 7.7.1, Clause 7.7.2, Clause 7.7
According to IRC 35, no-overtaking zones on multi-lane roads are marked by continuous solid lines to restrict overtaking where stopping sight distance is insufficient, especially at vertical and horizontal curves (Clauses 4.7.4 and 4.7.5). For four-lane roads (dual two-lane), continuous lane markings are applied on short sections to avoid provocations in one-directional carriageways (Clause 4.7.4). For six-lane roads (dual three-lane) and above, the same principle applies, with continuous markings on no-overtaking sections where sight distance is inadequate (Clause 4.7.5). On undivided highways with more than three lanes, a double solid center line is used as a continuous no-overtaking marking, which must not be crossed (Clause 4.3.2). No-overtaking markings are mandated when sight distance is less than the Minimum Visibility Distance (MVD) specified in Table 4.1 (Clause 4.3.4).
Sources: Clause 4.3.2, Clause 4.3.4, Clause 4.7.4, Clause 4.7.5
Retro-reflectivity is measured as the coefficient of retro-reflected luminance in mcd/m²/lx, indicating how much light is reflected back to the driver from pavement markings. For dry conditions, the initial and minimum retro-reflectivity values depend on design speed as per Table 15.1, measured following Annexure E (Clause 15.4.1 and 15.1). Wet retro-reflectivity, which is reduced due to a water film on glass beads, is measured by the method in Annexure E as well (Clause 15.4.2). Wet retro-reflectivity requirements are uniform regardless of design speed, with an initial value of 100 mcd/m²/lx and a minimum threshold of 50 mcd/m²/lx as per Table 15.2 (Clause 15.2). Maintaining these values ensures visibility in wet conditions.
Sources: Clause 15.4.1, Clause 15.4.2, Clause 15.1, Clause 15.2, Table 15.1, Table 15.2
As per IRC 35, Section 12 covers markings for bus bays, parking areas, and toll plazas. Specifically, Clause 12.3 details bus bay markings, which include layout and kerb loading markings for urban and rural bus stops. Clause 12.2.3 states that bus stop markings must be supplemented with bus bay signs at the start of the transition approach to the bus stop. The design follows IRC 70 for urban kerb loading bus stops and IRC 80 for rural pick-up bus stops. Clause 12.5 addresses toll plaza markings, prescribing standard layouts and markings to guide traffic flow and toll operations. Although exact marking patterns are not reproduced here, these clauses collectively define the standard markings for these facilities.
Sources: Clause 12.2.3, Clause 12.3, Clause 12.5
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