Application of Intelligent Transport System for Urban Roads
2017 Edition

Overview of IRC SP 110-2017 Scope

Highlights:

• Applicability: Guidelines for deploying ITS solutions in Indian cities to enhance traffic management, safety, and public transit.
• Implementation Stages:
  • Initial Stage: Designed for cities facing emerging congestion with limited budget and manpower, emphasizing basic ITS like smart signals and Area Traffic Control (ATC).
  • Subsequent stages focus on more advanced systems and infrastructure.

Phase I Systems Overview (Table 1)

Required Interagency Coordination

• Traffic Police
• Public Works Department (PWD)
• Development Authority

Phase I System Architecture (Fig. 38)

graph LR
  RSensors[Roadside Sensors] --> RComm[Data Transfer & Communication Units]
  RComm --> Signals[Intelligent & Coordinated Traffic Signals]
  Signals --> ATCServer[ATC Server / Control Terminals]
  ATCServer --> ControlledSignals[ATC-Controlled Traffic Signals]
  ATCServer --> InfoDissemination[Information & Communication Systems]

Summary

• ITS scope encompasses vehicle detection, data acquisition, traffic and transit management, traveler information, and phased deployment.
• Phase I concentrates on foundational signal coordination and ATC with minimal infrastructure.
• Successful deployment requires collaborative efforts among various agencies.

Refer to IRC SP 110-2017 for detailed methodologies, detection techniques, and advanced ITS instruments.

Summary of User Services and Functional Requirements in IRC SP 110

Principal User Service Bundles (Section 2.9)

• Travel and Traffic Operations: Pre-trip info, route assistance, traffic regulation, incident handling, emission control.
• Public Transit Management: Transit details, personalized services, security protocols.
• Electronic Transaction Services: Payment facilitation.
• Commercial Vehicle Operations: Automated clearances, roadside inspections, safety checks.
• Emergency Handling: Notifications, fleet management, disaster response.
• Vehicle Safety Enhancements: Collision avoidance, crash mitigation, autonomous operation.
• Information Archiving: Data storage and retrieval.
• Maintenance and Construction Oversight: Operational management.

Functional Requirements

• Each service bundle entails specific functional directives (e.g., optimizing traffic flow, surveillance, information delivery).
• New ITS operations necessitate defining additional functional criteria.

Architectural Framework (Sections 2.2 & 2.5)

• Logical Architecture: Specifies required functions and processes.
• Physical Architecture: Organizes functions into physical modules such as fixed communications, vehicle-to-vehicle, and wireless networks.
• Organizational Architecture: Details roles and responsibilities.
• Equipment Packages: Specifies hardware and software components.

Detection and Data Collection Techniques (Section 3)

• Includes automatic pedestrian detection, red light violation monitoring, license plate recognition.
• Data supports traffic control and ITS functionalities.

Illustrative Traffic Control Functions

ITS User Services Summary

flowchart TD
    UserServices[User Service Bundles] --> TravelTraffic[Travel & Traffic Management]
    UserServices --> PublicTransit[Public Transportation]
    UserServices --> ElectronicPayment[Electronic Payment]
    UserServices --> CommercialOps[Commercial Vehicle Operations]
    UserServices --> EmergencyMgmt[Emergency Management]
    UserServices --> VehicleSafety[Advanced Vehicle Safety]
    UserServices --> InfoMgmt[Information Management]
    UserServices --> Maintenance[Maintenance & Construction]

Detection and Data Collection Techniques in IRC SP 110

1. Vehicle and Pedestrian Detection (Section 3.1)

• Various technologies for sensing and triggering responses:
  • Inductive Loop Detectors: Embedded wire coils detecting vehicles reliably under all weather conditions.
  • Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR): High-speed cameras with OCR for license plate capture up to 150 km/h.
  • Radar and Acoustic Sensors: Utilize reflected radar signals for speed and volume detection.
  • Video Vehicle Detection (VVD): Image analysis with virtual detectors in video streams.
  • Bluetooth-based Detection: Measures travel time by capturing Bluetooth device MAC addresses.
  • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): Wireless identification via tags and readers, commonly used in tolling.
  • Microwave/Doppler Sensors: Sensing movement through electromagnetic wave reflection.
  • Infrared Sensors: Object detection using IR light reflection.

2. Data Collection Components (Section 3.2)

• Setup examples:
  • Inductive loops connected to detector electronics and control cabinets.
  • ANPR systems with dual-lens cameras, onboard OCR, and remote alert capabilities.
  • RFID operation involves tag charging via reader broadcast and data exchange.
  • Bluetooth sensors provide origin-destination travel metrics.

3. User Service Bundles (Section 2.9)

• Cover traffic control, transit management, electronic payments, commercial vehicle operations, emergency handling, vehicle safety, information management, and maintenance.

Detection Technologies Summary Table

flowchart LR
  VehicleOrPedestrian --> DetectionMethod[Detection Technology]
  DetectionMethod --> InductiveLoop
  DetectionMethod --> ANPR
  DetectionMethod --> RadarAcoustic
  DetectionMethod --> VideoDetection
  DetectionMethod --> Bluetooth
  DetectionMethod --> RFID
  DetectionMethod --> Microwave
  DetectionMethod --> Infrared

Highlights of Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) as per IRC SP 110

1. ATMS Overview (Section 4.3)

• Centralizes real-time data from cameras and speed detectors at a Traffic Management Centre (TMC).
• Objectives include optimizing traffic flow, shortening travel times, cutting vehicle operating costs, lowering fuel use, and reducing emissions.
• Applications cover signal optimization, dynamic message signage, route guidance, and incident detection.

2. ATMS Architecture (Figure 13)

• Key components:
  • Data Acquisition (vehicle detectors, cameras)
  • Data Processing and Integration (centralized software and databases)
  • Control Interfaces (signal control systems, information dissemination)
  • Output Devices (variable message signs, lane control signals)

3. Functional Domains (Section 4.4)

• Real-time traffic and incident monitoring
• Adaptive traffic signals and ramp metering
• Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) for traveler guidance
• Active Traffic Management strategies
• Automated warnings and Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS)
• Urban traffic control and coordination

4. Performance Criteria

• Incident detection and response within 15 seconds.
• Aggregation of diverse data inputs for dynamic traffic management decisions.
• Use of VMS and lane control signals to regulate traffic.

5. Typical ATMS Data Flow (Figure 15)

flowchart TD
    DataCollection[Data Collection] --> DataIntegration[Data Integration @ TMC]
    DataIntegration --> TrafficControl[Traffic Control Centre]
    TrafficControl --> InfoRelease[Information Dissemination]
    InfoRelease --> RoadUsers[Traffic Users]

For comprehensive design and implementation details, see IRC SP 110-2017 Clauses 4.3 to 4.5.

Traveler Information Systems (TIS) and Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) in IRC SP 110

Features and Specifications (Sections 5.3 & 6.2)

• TIS: Offers both static (maps) and dynamic (real-time congestion and delays) data through various interfaces:

  • Variable Message Signs (VMS)
  • In-vehicle audio systems
  • Interactive kiosks
  • Web portals and mobile apps

• ATIS: Enhances TIS by providing:

  • Highly dynamic traffic updates refreshed every minute using GPS and wireless communication.
  • Dynamic route guidance and navigation optimized for shortest travel time considering congestion.
  • Parking availability and management integrated with RFID-based FASTag payment.
  • Roadside Weather Information Systems for real-time pavement and weather data.

Common Real-Time Traffic Information Types

Benefits

• Facilitates effective trip planning and dynamic rerouting.
• Reduces travel times, operational costs, and traffic congestion.
• Aids transportation authorities in planning via historical travel data.

Simplified ATIS Functional Flow

flowchart TD
    DataCollection[GPS, Cameras, Sensors] --> DataProcessing[Data Processing & Traffic Modelling]
    DataProcessing --> InfoGeneration[Real-Time Info Production]
    InfoGeneration --> UserAccess{User Access Points}
    UserAccess --> WebMobile[Web & Mobile Applications]
    UserAccess --> RoadsideDisplays[Roadside Displays & Kiosks]
    UserAccess --> InVehicle[In-Vehicle Navigation]
    WebMobile & RoadsideDisplays & InVehicle --> InformedDecisions[Better Traveler Choices]

Refer to IRC SP 110-2017 Sections 5.3, 6.2, and related architectural descriptions for detailed guidance.

Core Concepts and Technical Specifications for Transportation Pricing (IRC SP 110 Section 6.4)

1. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC):

• Employs RFID-based contactless smart cards operating in the UHF band (865-868 MHz in India).
• RFID tag standards conform to ISO 18000-6C with passive or active types.
• Antennas:
  • Linear Antennas: Narrow beam preferred in ETC lanes to minimize cross-lane interference.
  • Circular Antennas: Broader beam suited for parking and supply chain applications but less ideal for ETC.
• Antenna mounting height recommended at 5-6 meters for lane-specific detection.
• Readers must detect a minimum of two tags per second at speeds up to 75 km/h.
• Multiple readers are deployed per plaza, one for each lane, with careful interference management.

2. Electronic Road Pricing (ERP):

• Implements congestion charging based on usage.
• Uses short-range radio communications for automatic fee deduction from smart cards.
• Singapore's ERP system is an example.

3. Fee-Based Express (HOT) Lanes:

• High Occupancy Toll lanes with dynamic pricing to maintain free-flow conditions.
• Fastag system utilized for electronic fee collection.

4. Vehicle Kilometers Travelled (VKT) Fees:

• Charges based on distance traveled using GPS or onboard devices.
• Payment handled through prepaid accounts or Fastag.

5. Variable Parking Fees:

• Dynamic pricing strategies depending on demand, timing, or location.
• Supported by occupancy sensors and variable pricing meters.

Antenna Types and Characteristics for ETC

flowchart LR
  Vehicle -->|RFID Tag| RFIDReader
  RFIDReader -->|Reads Tag Data| TollSystem
  TollSystem -->|Deduct Fare| UserAccount
  TollSystem -->|Display Info| UserDisplay
  UserAccount -->|Balance Update| UserSmartCard

This framework supports efficient, automated tolling and congestion management compliant with Indian regulations.

Phased Approach for ITS Adoption in Urban Settings (IRC SP 110-2017)

Phase I Summary (Sections 7.2 & Table 1)

• Target Cities: Those with nascent congestion issues and limited financial and technical resources.
• Purpose: Facilitate gradual introduction to ITS benefits and ease into comprehensive Traffic Management Systems.
• Note: No advanced control centers required at this initial stage.

Systems Included in Phase I

Coordinating Agencies

• Traffic Police
• Public Works Department (PWD)
• Development Authority

System Architecture for Phase I (Figure 38)

graph LR
  RSensors(Roadside Sensors) --> RTComm(Roadside Data Communication Equipment)
  RTComm --> Signals(Intelligent & Coordinated Signals)
  Signals --> ATCServer(ATC Server / Control Terminals)
  ATCServer --> ControlledSignals(ATC-Controlled Traffic Signals)
  ATCServer --> InfoSys(Information Dissemination & Communication System)

Key Points

• Input: Traffic data collected via roadside sensors.
• Processing: Communication systems transmit data to ATC servers.
• Output: Coordinated signal control and information dissemination facilitate better traffic flow and emergency management.

This phased methodology supports incremental capacity building and infrastructure development for urban ITS.

Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) Overview per IRC SP 110

Core Components (Section 6.5)

• Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL): GPS-based tracking for real-time bus and train positioning.
• Real-Time Passenger Information: Dynamic signs, mobile apps, and online portals providing current arrival/departure data.
• Electronic Fare Collection: Contactless smart cards or mobile NFC platforms integrated across multiple transit modes.

Benefits

• Enhances schedule reliability and transit efficiency.
• Improves passenger convenience through accurate information.
• Facilitates integration with traffic management for delay analysis and route optimization.

Key ITS Subsystems (Figures 17 & 18)

• Fleet monitoring and operations management
• Fare collection systems
• Real-time passenger information dissemination
• Transit signal prioritization
• Automated enforcement and security

Relevant Systems Table (Section 7.6)

Typical APTS Architecture (Figure 42)

• Integration of AVL, fare payment, signal control, enforcement, and emergency response.
• Centralized operations center managing vehicle data, communication, and user interfaces.
• Passenger interfaces include apps, VMS, SMS, and websites.

AVL Arrival Time Estimation Formula:

[ T_a = T_c + \frac{D}{V} ] Where:

• (T_a) is estimated arrival time,
• (T_c) is current time,
• (D) is distance to stop,
• (V) is average speed.

Summary Diagram of APTS

graph LR
  TransitVehicles -->|GPS Data| OperationsCenter
  OperationsCenter -->|Real-Time Info| PassengerApps
  OperationsCenter -->|Fleet Data| FleetManagement
  OperationsCenter -->|Fare Data| FareCollection
  OperationsCenter -->|Signal Control| TrafficManagement

Refer to IRC SP 110-2017 Sections 5.1, 6.5, 7.6 and Figures 17, 18, 34, 42 for details.

ITS Applications for Traffic Law Enforcement and Safety per IRC SP 110:2017

1. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR):

   • Utilizes OCR technology with infrared lighting for 24/7 operation.
   • Captures plates at high speeds (120-150 km/h).
   • Supports remote alerts and hotlist sharing.
   • Integrates with RFID and short-range digital communication.

2. Speed Violation Detection:

   • Employs GSM and RFID technologies for automatic speed monitoring.
   • Facilitates electronic challaning and enforcement.

3. Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS):

   • Real-time monitoring via cameras, sensors, and loops.
   • Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) dynamically adjusts timings.
   • Variable Message Signs (VMS) provide live traffic info including travel time, congestion, alternate routes, speed limits, incidents.
   • Ramp metering manages highway access to limit congestion.

4. Driver Feedback Systems:

   • LED displays show vehicle speed and compliance status.
   • Proven to reduce speeding through immediate feedback.

Typical VMS Specifications

Enforcement Workflow Diagram

flowchart LR
    VehicleApproach --> ANPRCamera[Capture Plate]
    ANPRCamera --> HotlistCheck{Plate on Hotlist?}
    HotlistCheck -- Yes --> AlertPolice[Notify Authorities]
    HotlistCheck -- No --> StoreData[Record Entry]
    VehicleApproach --> SpeedDetection[RFID/GSM Speed Check]
    SpeedDetection --> SpeedCheck{Speed > Limit?}
    SpeedCheck -- Yes --> AlertPolice
    SpeedCheck -- No --> StoreData

This standard highlights the integration of ANPR, speed enforcement, adaptive signal control, VMS, ramp metering, and driver feedback for effective traffic law enforcement and improved road safety.

Infrastructure Maintenance and Management with ITS as per IRC SP 110-2017

This standard emphasizes using Intelligent Transport Systems for efficient infrastructure upkeep and traffic operations.

Key Tools and Specifications:

• Detection and Monitoring:

  • Automatic pedestrian detection
  • Red light violation systems
  • Automated number plate recognition
  • Route travel time estimation

• Traffic Management:

  • Real-time data integration
  • Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) for urban roads
  • Centralized Traffic Management Centres

• Public Transit Management:

  • Fleet management including passenger counting and vehicle location
  • Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Scheduling, dispatch, and signal priority systems

Reference Table

Conceptual ITS Flow for Maintenance

graph LR
  DataCollection --> TrafficManagementCentre
  TrafficManagementCentre --> TrafficControlEnforcement
  TrafficManagementCentre --> PublicTransportOperations
  PublicTransportOperations --> SchedulingDispatch
  PublicTransportOperations --> PassengerInfoSystems
  TrafficControlEnforcement --> SafetyEmergencyMgmt

Summary

• ITS aids in real-time traffic flow optimization and safety.
• Emphasizes automated monitoring for infrastructure health.
• Supports efficient public transit through fleet and scheduling management.
• Advocates phased ITS deployment for urban areas.

Refer to IRC SP 110-2017 clauses 3.1 to 5.3 for detailed formulas and tables.

Information Dissemination and Communication in ITS as per IRC SP 110

Traveler Information Systems (Section 5.3)

• Provide both static (route maps) and dynamic (real-time delays) information.
• Accessible at homes, workplaces, waypoints, transit terminals, and onboard vehicles.
• Communication means include:
  • Automated trip itineraries
  • In-vehicle announcements
  • Variable Message Signs (VMS)
  • Interactive kiosks and monitors

Communication Architecture (Section 2.5)

• Types of communication:
  • Fixed point-to-point
  • Wide area wireless
  • Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
  • Field-to-vehicle
• Supports services like traffic and emergency management, tolling, transit operations.

Communication Technologies Summary

Important Aspects

• Protocol integration and standardization are critical.
• Real-time dissemination reduces congestion and enhances safety.
• Focus on electronic tolling, advanced parking management, and city-wide ITS initiatives in India.

Example: Variable Message Sign Usage

• Displays dynamic traffic and safety information.
• Connected via fixed or wireless communication networks.
• Supports traveler rerouting and emergency alerts.

flowchart LR
    InfoSources --> DataCollection
    DataCollection --> TrafficMgmtCentre
    TrafficMgmtCentre --> CommunicationSystems
    CommunicationSystems --> TravelerInfoSystems
    TravelerInfoSystems --> RoadUsers

Refer to IRC SP 110-2017 Sections 2.5 and 5.3 for detailed standards on equipment and communication protocols.

Key Aspects of Organizational and System Architecture in IRC SP 110

1. Organizational Architecture (Section 2.6)

• Defines roles and responsibilities for stakeholders involved in Traffic Management Centres (TMC) or Central Control Centres (CCC).
• Stakeholders include:
  • National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Traffic Police, Municipal Corporations, Public Works Department (PWD)
  • Mobile and WiFi service providers
  • Utility companies
• Functions managed include:
  • Traffic control and incident response
  • Street lighting maintenance
  • Traveler information and commercial vehicle management
  • Electronic payment services and safety
  • Emergency operations
• Clear role delineation assists in troubleshooting and failure analysis.

2. Physical Architecture (Section 2.5)

• Groups ITS functions by communication type:
  • Fixed point-to-point links
  • Wide area wireless networks
  • Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication
  • Field-to-vehicle exchanges
• Covers systems such as:
  • Traffic and emergency management
  • Tolling and commercial vehicle operations
  • Infrastructure maintenance and construction
  • Emission control and fleet management
  • Security and parking management

3. Logical Architecture (Section 2.2)

• Specifies required functions and processes.
• Supports user service bundles and hardware/software packages.

Summary Table of Communication Types

graph LR
  OrgArch[Organizational Architecture]
  PhysArch[Physical Architecture]
  LogArch[Logical Architecture]
  OrgArch --> TMC[Traffic Management Centre]
  OrgArch --> Stakeholders[NHAI, Police, Utilities]
  PhysArch --> CommTypes[Communication Types]
  CommTypes --> FixedLink[Fixed Point-to-Point]
  CommTypes --> Wireless[Wide Area Wireless]
  CommTypes --> V2V[Vehicle-to-Vehicle]
  LogArch --> Functions[Functions & Processes]