Fire Safety of Museums - Code of Practice
2000 Edition

IS 14850 advises installing automatic fire detection and alarm systems throughout museum premises. Ionisation-type smoke detectors are recommended for general areas, while heat detectors with rate-of-rise and fixed temperature features should be used in dust-prone locations such as false ceilings and open corridors. The system includes alarm panels, hooters, and break glass units for immediate alert. Fire hydrant systems should follow IS 3844 with specified modifications like 38 mm reinforced rubber hoses and fog or diffuser nozzles to minimize water damage. Automatic sprinklers are advised in most areas except sensitive zones containing delicate artifacts, where quick response sprinklers with 10 mm outlets are preferred. For highly sensitive sections, automatic gas-based extinguishing systems are mandated to protect exhibits from water damage while ensuring rapid fire suppression.

The standard emphasizes early fire detection using automatic systems equipped with ionisation smoke detectors for general areas and heat detectors in dusty environments. Water application is restricted in sensitive zones to prevent damage to artifacts like old documents and paintings; hence, special quick response sprinklers with smaller outlets are used. Fire hydrants incorporate hoses and nozzles designed to reduce water impact. Gas-based automatic extinguishing systems are required for highly sensitive locations to avoid water exposure altogether. Multiple isolating and alarm valves are installed to swiftly stop water flow post-extinguishing. This comprehensive approach balances efficient fire suppression with the utmost care to preserve invaluable museum contents.

In zones where water could harm precious exhibits, IS 14850 prescribes gas-based automatic extinguishing systems as the primary firefighting method. These systems avoid water damage while effectively suppressing fires. Additionally, portable extinguishers such as carbon dioxide (per IS 2878) and halon (per IS 11108) are recommended for general and sensitive electrical or electronic areas, respectively. Dry powder extinguishers (IS 2171) are designated for electrical sub-stations and kitchens. Automatic fire detection supports early response, ensuring suppression methods are activated promptly, minimizing fire impact without risking damage from water.

Hazardous zones like carpentry, painting, packing, and conservation laboratories must be distinctly separated from exhibit and storage sections using walls and doors with a minimum 4-hour fire resistance rating. Preferably, these areas should be situated on upper floors above exhibition spaces; if located on lower levels, comprehensive sprinkler protection is mandatory. Additionally, these areas require automatic fire detection and alarm systems compliant with IS 2189 standards. Gas-based automatic extinguishing systems are recommended for immediate fire control within hazardous zones. These measures collectively help prevent fire spread, protect valuable artifacts, and ensure personnel safety.

Electrical wiring in museums must be installed within conduits; if not feasible, armoured and sheathed copper cables are acceptable. For sensitive or high-value exhibit areas, fire-resistant low sulphur (F.R.L.S.) cables should be used. Distribution boards must be enclosed in metal housings with front access, or alternatively in treated timber at least 40 mm thick with fire retardant coatings. Heavy cables require periodic application of fire-retardant paint bands—1 meter wide every 10 meters horizontally, and 1 meter vertically on either side of wall or floor penetrations. Electrical shafts must be sealed on each floor with non-combustible materials per the National Building Code. Lighting systems, including flood and concealed lighting, should conform to the National Electrical Code with fire safety considerations to minimize fire risks associated with electrical faults.