IRC SP 672005AI Search Enabled✦ AI Generated

Guidelines for Use of External and Unbonded Prestressing Tendons in Bridge Structures
2005 Edition

IRC SP 67:2005 outlines detailed directives for implementing external and unbonded prestressing tendons in bridge constructions. It covers aspects such as design criteria, material specifications, detailing instructions, and protective methods to ensure the structural soundness and longevity of prestressed concrete bridges conforming to Indian and global standards.

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2005Edition
Roads and Bridges IRC- Indian road congress Category
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What This Standard Covers

IRC SP 67:2005 outlines detailed directives for implementing external and unbonded prestressing tendons in bridge constructions. It covers aspects such as design criteria, material specifications, detailing instructions, and protective methods to ensure the structural soundness and longevity of prestressed concrete bridges conforming to Indian and global standards.

Who Uses This Standard

  • Bridge Structural Designers
  • Civil Structural Engineers
  • Prestressing Execution Contractors
  • Quality Assurance Inspectors
  • Bridge Upkeep Engineers
  • Project Managers in Construction
  • Material Science Engineers

Key Topics Covered

Classification and usage of unbonded prestressing tendons
Material standards for prestressing steel and associated components
Design methodologies for external and unbonded tendon systems
Detailing of anchorages, deviators, and protective sheathing
Corrosion protection and maintenance strategies for prestressing elements
Load combination methods and ultimate strength evaluation
Durability considerations and maintenance protocols
Acceptance criteria and testing procedures for prestressing assemblies
Application of HDPE and metallic ducts for tendon protection
Guidance on segmental bridge construction incorporating unbonded tendons
Compliance with IRC, British Standards, and FIB recommendations
Dynamic load testing and fatigue resistance standards

Table of Contents

1Overview

IRC SP 67 establishes fundamental principles and specifications for the design, materials, detailing, and safeguarding of prestressing tendons in bridge applications.

  • Scope: Addresses design parameters, material criteria, detailing practice, and protective measures for prestressing steel.

  • Cable Vibration Frequency Equation: [ f = \frac{F}{2L \sqrt{m}} ] Where:

    • (f) = Vibration frequency (Hz)
    • (F) = Cable tension force
    • (L) = Support span length
    • (m) = Mass per unit length (duct plus grout)
  • Minimum Curvature Radius at Deviators (Table 1):

Tendon Strand SizeMin Radius (m)
19 strands of 13 mm & 12 strands of 15 mm2.5
31 strands of 13 mm & 19 strands of 15 mm3.0
53 strands of 13 mm & 37 strands of 15 mm5.0
Single strands (13, 15, 18 mm diameter)40 times nominal strand diameter
  • Protection of Prestressing Steel:

    • Temporary: Water-soluble oils or grease coatings.
    • Permanent: Cementitious grout, nuclear-grade grease, and epoxy coatings for exposed steel.
    • Regular inspections and maintenance are essential.
  • Ultimate Moment of Resistance Assumptions:

    • Plane sections remain plane during bending.
    • Concrete compressive stress from design curve, reduced by factor 1.5.
    • Concrete tensile strength neglected.
    • Prestressing steel stresses derived from stress-strain curves with a safety factor of 1.15.
    • Strain limits: Max concrete strain 0.0035; unbonded tendons have limited strain increase.
  • Referenced Codes: IRC:6, IRC:18, IRC:24, BS 4447-1973, FIB 1993.

2Scope and Application

This section clarifies the extent of IRC SP 67, focusing on unbonded prestressing applications in bridge structures.

  • Encompasses design, material selection, detailing, protection, and operational use of unbonded tendon systems.

  • Suitable for external tendons encased in HDPE or steel ducts, emphasizing leak-proof ducting per Clause 1.1.

  • Includes design of deviators, anchorages, and related accessories aligned with IRC:24-2001 and IRC:21-2000.

  • Addresses durability and protection requirements during construction and service life (Clause 7).

  • Cross references other IRC standards (IRC:6-2000, IRC:18-2000, IRC:21-2000) and international norms like BS 4447-1973 and FIB guidelines.

  • Adopts a design philosophy treating prestressing partly as load and partly as strength contributor, ensuring verification at both Serviceability and Ultimate Limit States.

  • Minimum Radius of Curvature at Deviators (Clause 6.3):

Tendon SizeMinimum Radius (m)
19-13 mm and 12-15 mm2.5
31-13 mm and 19-15 mm3.0
53-13 mm and 37-15 mm5.0
Single strands (13, 15, 18 mm)40 times nominal diameter
  • Vibration Frequency Formula (Clause 1.2):

[ f = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{F}{m}} ]

  • Diagram illustrating prestressing system components is included for clarity.
3Applications of Unbonded Prestressing

Guidelines for the use of unbonded prestressing tendons as specified in IRC SP 67.

  • Sheathing:

    • Tendons are to be contained within HDPE or metallic steel sheaths with smooth internal surfaces.
    • Sheaths and their joints must be fully sealed against leakage, designed for pressure of 1.1 times the sum of max gravity head and grouting pressure.
    • Material compliance with Indian and IRC standards is mandatory.
  • Components:

    • Deviators, anchorage brackets, and suspenders should be constructed from RCC, PSC, or steel firmly integrated into the structure.
    • Steel and welding materials must adhere to IRC:24-2001; reinforcement steel to IRC:21-2000.
  • Anchorages and Guide Tubes:

    • Preferably replaceable or reusable, factory-manufactured under strict quality control.
    • Must undergo dynamic fatigue testing for two million cycles as per FIB/BS 4447-1973.
    • Independent laboratory certification is required.
  • Design Considerations:

    • Treat prestressing as partially permanent load (accounting for ±20% loss variations) and partially as a strength contributor.
    • Follow IRC:6-2000, IRC:18-2000, and IRC:21-2000 for design checks at Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States.
  • Load Combinations:

    • Use combinations in accordance with IRC:5-1998, IRC:18-2000, and IRC:21-2000.
  • Sheath Pressure Resistance Summary Table included.

4Material Specifications

Essential material requirements mandated by IRC SP 67.

  • Sheathing:

    • External tendons must be enclosed within HDPE or steel sheaths with smooth internal surfaces, designed to be leak-tight under pressures equating to 1.1 times the maximum gravity head plus grouting pressure.
    • Materials must comply with applicable Indian or IRC standards.
  • Prestressing Steel Protection:

    • Temporary protection involves coatings with water-soluble oils or grease.
    • Permanent measures include cement grout, nuclear-grade low-sulfur grease, or equivalent protective agents.
    • External steel elements such as deviators and brackets should be coated with clear epoxy paint.
    • Regular inspection and upkeep are essential for durability.
  • Deviators and Anchorages:

    • Constructed from RCC, PSC, or steel, with steel fasteners and welds conforming to IRC:24-2001.
    • Reinforcement governed by IRC:21-2000.
    • Anchorages ideally replaceable/reusable and subject to dynamic fatigue testing of 2 million cycles (FIB/BS 4447-1973).
    • Quality assurance and acceptance testing are compulsory.
  • Minimum Radius of Curvature for Tendons at Deviators referenced from Table 1.

  • Ultimate Moment of Resistance assumptions detailed, including strain limits and strength reduction factors.

5Design Parameters and Calculations

Critical design formulas and tables stipulated in IRC SP 67.

  • Frequency of Cable Vibration (Clause 1.2): [ f = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{F}{m}} ] where variables denote vibration frequency, support spacing, tension force, and mass per unit length respectively.

  • Minimum Radius of Curvature at Deviators (Clause 6.3):

Tendon Strand SizeMinimum Radius (m)
19-13 mm & 12-15 mm2.5
31-13 mm & 19-15 mm3.0
53-13 mm & 37-15 mm5.0
Single strands (13,15,18mm)40 times nominal diameter
  • Ultimate Moment of Resistance (Appendix Summary):

    • Maximum concrete compressive strain: 0.0035.
    • Concrete strength factor: (2/3) f_cu divided by safety factor 1.5.
    • Steel safety factor of 1.15 applied.
    • Tensile strength of concrete disregarded.
    • Assumption of plane sections remaining plane.
  • Shear Resistance Guidelines (Clause 5.3.3):

    • Full unbonded prestressing treated as reinforced concrete with axial load.
    • Partial bonded prestressing shear checks conducted accordingly.
    • Partial load factor of 0.9 for prestressing in shear.
  • Design of Anchorages and Deviators (Clause 5.3.4):

    • Designed for full nominal ultimate tendon capacity.
    • Local reinforcement against spalling and bursting required.
6Detailing Requirements

Essential detailing instructions for prestressed concrete elements according to IRC SP 67.

  • Curvature at Deviators (Clause 6.3):
    • Minimum radius of curvature to prevent tendon damage are specified per tendon size.
Tendon Strand SizeMinimum Radius (m)
19-13 mm & 12-15 mm2.5
31-13 mm & 19-15 mm3.0
53-13 mm & 37-15 mm5.0
Single strands (13,15,18mm)40 times nominal diameter
  • Protection of Prestressing Steel (Clause 7):

    • Temporary protection by water-soluble oils or grease.
    • Permanent protection by cement grout, nuclear-grade grease, or epoxy paint.
    • Periodic inspections and maintenance critical.
  • Alignment and Anchorage (Clauses 4.4, 6.1):

    • External tendons in HDPE/metallic sheaths fully sealed against leaks.
    • Anchorages designed to be replaceable/reusable.
    • Straight tendon segments limited to 12 times beam depth or 12 m.
    • Deviators designed to maintain tendon tension.
  • Ultimate Strength and Section Analysis:

    • Concrete strain and strength limits as per design assumptions.
    • Reinforcement of local zones around anchorages for bursting/spalling.
  • Frequency of Cable Vibration formula reiterated.

7Protection Measures for Prestressing Components

Measures to protect prestressing steel, anchorages, and deviators as per IRC SP 67.

  • Temporary Protection:

    • Use water-soluble oils or grease coatings to safeguard steel during handling and installation.
  • Permanent Protection:

    • Employ cement grout, low-sulfur nuclear-grade grease, or equivalent materials.
    • External steel parts such as deviators and brackets to receive clear epoxy coatings.
  • Regular inspection and maintenance to ensure longevity.

  • Curvature Radius Requirements (Table 1) applied to prevent tendon damage.

  • Sheathing Specifications:

    • HDPE or metallic sheaths with smooth inner surfaces.
    • Leak-proof joints designed to withstand 1.1 times the maximum gravity head plus grouting pressure.
  • Design and Load Considerations:

    • Anchorages and deviators sized for ultimate tendon capacity.
    • Local concrete reinforcement to resist spalling and bursting.
    • Compliance with IRC standards IRC:18, IRC:21, IRC:24.
    • Dynamic testing per FIB/BS standards.
  • Cable Vibration Frequency formula included.

  • Diagram illustrating tendon protection and deviator setup.

8Guidelines for Other Structural Elements

Key parameters and requirements for prestressing in other structural forms according to IRC SP 67.

  • Frequency of Cable Vibrations (Clause 1.2): [ f = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{F}{m}} ]

  • Minimum Radius of Curvature at Deviators (Clause 6.3):

Tendon Strand SizeRadius of Curvature (m)
19-13 mm & 12-15 mm2.5
31-13 mm & 19-15 mm3.0
53-13 mm & 37-15 mm5.0
Single strands (13,15,18mm)40 times nominal diameter
  • Protection of Prestressing Steel (Clause 7):

    • Temporary oils and grease.
    • Permanent grout, nuclear-grade grease, epoxy paint.
    • Routine inspection advised.
  • Ultimate Moment of Resistance Principles:

    • Concrete compressive strain limit: 0.0035.
    • Concrete design strength scaled by safety factor 1.5.
    • Steel strength reduction factor 1.15.
    • Tensile strength of concrete not considered.
    • Plane section assumption.
    • Tendon strain considerations vary by bonding condition.
  • Reference documents include IRC:6-2000, IRC:18-2000, IRC:24-2001, BS 4447-1973, and FIB 1993.

9References and Supporting Standards

Compilation of essential formulas, tables, and standards referenced in IRC SP 67.

  • Frequency of Vibrations (Clause 1.2): [ f = \frac{1}{2L} \sqrt{\frac{F}{m}} ]

  • Minimum Radius of Curvature at Deviators (Clause 6.3):

Tendon SizesMinimum Radius (m)
19-13 mm & 12-15 mm2.5
31-13 mm & 19-15 mm3.0
53-13 mm & 37-15 mm5.0
Single strands (13,15,18mm)40 times nominal diameter
  • Protection of Prestressing Steel (Clause 7):

    • Temporary coatings with oils or grease.
    • Permanent protection with grout, grease, or epoxy paint.
    • Regular inspections mandated.
  • Ultimate Moment of Resistance (Appendix A-1(1)):

    • Max concrete strain 0.0035.
    • Concrete strength reduced to (2/3 f_ck)/1.5.
    • Steel strength reduction factor 1.15.
    • Concrete tensile strength ignored.
    • Plane section assumption.
    • Tendons near supports excluded in strength calculations.
  • Referenced Codes:

    • IRC:6-2000, IRC:18-2000, IRC:21-2000, IRC:24-2001
    • BS 4447-1973 (Anchorages)
    • FIB 1993 Recommendations
  • Summary diagram of tendon arrangements included.

AppendixMethods for Calculating Ultimate Moment of Resistance

Detailed procedure and assumptions for determining ultimate moment capacity as per IRC SP 67 and IRC 18-2000.

  • Assumptions:

    • Plane sections remain plane.
    • Concrete compressive stress derived from design curve with strength = (2/3) f_ck divided by safety factor 1.5.
    • Maximum concrete compressive strain = 0.0035.
    • Tensile strength of concrete neglected.
    • Strain in bonded tendons and reinforcement calculated from strain profiles plus initial prestressing strain.
    • Steel stresses obtained from stress-strain relationships with factor 1.15.
    • Unbonded tendon strain assumed constant after losses except near soffits or by nonlinear analysis.
    • Tendons anchored within half section depth excluded from calculations.
  • Ultimate Moment Principles:

    • Prestressing tendons contribute strength beyond initial prestress.
    • Stress-strain curves shifted to account for prestressing effects.
    • Shear resistance evaluated as per reinforced concrete design with axial load.
  • Material Safety Factors:

MaterialSafety Factor
Concrete1.5
Steel1.15
  • Stress-Strain Parameters:

    • Max concrete strain: 0.0035
    • Ultimate prestressing steel strain E_pu
    • Initial prestressing steel strain E_po
    • Condition: E_pu > E_po + bending strain
  • Load Factors (Clause 5.1):

    • Prestress load factor: 1.0 (IRC 18-2000)
    • Indeterminate structures: unfavorable 1.2, favorable 0.9
  • Simplified Analysis Steps:

    1. Assume linear strain distribution
    2. Compute concrete compressive force
    3. Evaluate steel and tendon stresses
    4. Sum internal forces for moment capacity

Popular Questions About IRC SP 67

?Which prestressing steel types are allowed for external and unbonded tendons?

Permissible prestressing steel for external and unbonded tendons includes strands housed within HDPE or metallic steel sheaths featuring smooth internal surfaces. The steel must conform to Indian Standards referenced in IRC codes (e.g., IRC:21-2000). Typically, high-strength, low-relaxation strands or cables made from high tensile steel wires are used. Steel components for deviators, anchorages, and fasteners must comply with IRC:24-2001. Anchorages and tendons are factory-manufactured under strict quality control and must pass dynamic fatigue testing of two million cycles per FIB or BS 4447-1973 standards to ensure durability and performance.

?What are the design and detailing requirements for anchorages and deviators to ensure durability?

Anchorages, deviators, brackets, and concrete blisters must be designed for the full nominal ultimate tendon capacity as a design load. Materials should meet IRC:24 for steel and IRC:21 for concrete reinforcement, with anchorages preferably replaceable or reusable and factory-manufactured under strict QA/QC. Tendons must be housed in HDPE or metallic sheaths that are fully leak-tight to prevent corrosion. Protective coatings and leak-tight joints are essential. Local concrete zones around anchorages must be reinforced against bursting and spalling according to manufacturer recommendations. Deviators and anchorages should be spaced so that straight tendon segments do not exceed 12 times the beam depth or 12 meters, ensuring proper stress transfer and tendon seating.

?What materials and protective measures are recommended for sheathing ducts?

Recommended sheathing materials include High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and metallic steel sheaths, which may be plain or coated (galvanized, epoxy-coated, or lubricated). Sheaths must have smooth internal surfaces to facilitate tendon installation and grouting. All ducts and joints must be fully leak-tight, resisting pressure equal to 1.1 times the sum of the maximum expected gravity head and grouting pressure. Materials and fabrication must comply with relevant Indian or IRC standards such as IRC:18-2000 and IRC:24-2001. Factory certification and acceptance testing, including dynamic fatigue tests as per FIB or BS 4447-1973, are necessary to ensure durability.

?How does IRC SP 67 address load combinations and ultimate strength for unbonded prestressing tendons?

The standard treats prestressing loads partly as permanent loads varying between initial prestress and post-loss levels (±20%) and partly as contributors to the load-resisting mechanism. Ultimate load factors applied are 1.0 for determinate structures, while indeterminate structures use 1.2 for unfavorable and 0.9 for favorable load combinations. The tendon’s contribution to flexural capacity is considered additional strength beyond initial prestress, calculated by shifting the stress-strain origin accordingly. Design follows IRC:5-1998, IRC:18-2000, and IRC:21-2000 load combination provisions, supplemented by specific strength models for external and unbonded prestressing.

?What testing and quality assurance procedures are mandated for prestressing systems?

Prestressing systems must undergo rigorous quality assurance and testing. Sheathing ducts must be HDPE or metallic with smooth interiors and fully leak-tight at 1.1 times the combined gravity head and grouting pressure. Materials must conform to IRC standards for steel, welding, and reinforcement. Anchorages and tendons should be factory-made under strict QA/QC, approved by competent authorities, and tested per FIB or BS 4447-1973 standards. Dynamic fatigue testing requires two million cycles on cable and anchorage assemblies. Independent laboratory certification and sampling of at least three specimens from supply batches are compulsory to verify compliance and ensure durability and reliability.

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