Code of practice for design and construction of port and harbour structures, Part 1: Concrete monoliths
1974 Edition

Scope Overview of IS 7314:

• Purpose: Establishes terminology relevant to port and harbour engineering, aligning international standards with Indian practices.
• Key Term:
  • Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738): Section of river or waterway affected by tidal movements.
• Goal: To standardize language ensuring consistent design, construction, and upkeep of harbour facilities.
• Reference Works: Draws on resources like Cornick’s Dock and Harbour Engineering and US Army Coastal Engineering manuals.
• Usage: Essential for engineers engaged in tidal and coastal infrastructure projects.

Highlights of Scope in IS 7314:

Conceptual Workflow in Port Engineering:

flowchart TD
    A[Site Evaluation] --> B[Assess Tidal Influence]
    B --> C[Determine Zone Tidal Limits]
    C --> D[Adopt Standard Terminology (IS 7314)]
    D --> E[Design of Port and Harbour Structures]
    E --> F[Execution and Maintenance]

For formulas and detailed tables, consult structural design IS codes like IS 4651. IS 7314 mainly provides terminological clarity and scope.

Terminology in IS 7314 Related to Port Engineering

This section offers an extensive glossary to promote uniform understanding of port and harbour engineering terms.

Important Terms:

• Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738):
  Meaning: The extent of a river or waterway influenced by tidal phenomena.

• The glossary is compiled from authoritative texts including:

  • Cornick’s Dock and Harbour Engineering
  • US Army Coastal Engineering Research Centre’s glossary
  • Rene de Kerchove’s International Marine Dictionary

Purpose:

• Provides standardized terminology for design, construction, and operational activities.
• Enhances clear communication among engineers, planners, and stakeholders.

No specific formulas or tables are included here, focusing purely on definitions.

Sample Terms:

For design details, refer to other IS codes dedicated to structural and coastal engineering.

Key Design Aspects in IS 7314

1. Design Wave Characteristics (Clause 2.199):

   • Parameters such as wave height, period, and length for engineering structures.

2. Zone Tidal (Clause 2.738):

   • The river or waterway area affected by tides, critical for calculating loads.

3. Deck Load (Clause 2.192):

   • Combination of dead load and live loads like traffic on decks.

4. Design Approach:

   • Integrates global standard practices with local conditions.
   • Prioritizes safety, durability, and serviceability under environmental forces.

Representative Wave Pressure Formula:

[ P = 0.5 \rho g H ]

• (P): wave pressure (kN/m²)
• (\rho): density of water (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g): acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²)
• (H): design wave height (m)

Load Types on Marine Structures:

Load Interaction Diagram:

graph LR
A[Marine Structure] --> B(Dead Load)
A --> C(Live Load)
A --> D(Wave Load)
A --> E(Tidal Load)
A --> F(Wind Load)

References: Clause 2.199, 2.192, 2.738 IS 7314; Cornick’s Dock and Harbour Engineering; US Army Coastal Engineering glossary.

IS 7314 Highlights on Hydrodynamic Forces and Wave Effects

Key Definitions (Clauses):

• Design Wave (2.199): Parameters used for structural load calculations.
• Wind Waves (2.724): Waves generated by wind action.
• Zone Tidal (2.738): Reach affected by tides.

Hydrodynamic Loading:

• Includes forces from wave pressure, impacts, and runup.
• Essential parameters: design wave height (H_d), period (T), and length (L).

Fundamental Formulas:

• Wave Pressure on Vertical Wall: [ p = \rho g H_d ]
• Wave Force on Pile (Morrison's Equation): [ F = \frac{1}{2} \rho C_d D u|u| + \rho C_m \frac{\pi D^2}{4} \frac{du}{dt} ]

Where

• (C_d), (C_m): drag and inertia coefficients,
• (D): pile diameter,
• (u): flow velocity,
• (\frac{du}{dt}): flow acceleration.

Typical Values:

Wave Runup:

• Height depends on wave steepness and structural slope.
• Important in determining freeboard requirements.

Conceptual Diagram for Wave Interaction

Structural Considerations for Concrete Monoliths per IS 7314

Important Definitions:

• Monolith (2.414): Hollow concrete or masonry foundation with multiple open wells filled with concrete, sunk similarly to caissons.
• Hexapod (2.310): RCC unit with six legs extending from a central core used in marine applications.
• Tetrapod (2.612): Four-legged concrete block designed for wave energy dissipation through interlocking.

Design Aspects:

• Load Transmission: Monoliths convey vertical and horizontal loads to the ground via concrete-filled wells.
• Stability Requirements: Must withstand overturning, sliding, and bearing failure.
• Well Dimensions and Spacing: Determined based on load intensity and soil characteristics.

Representative Formulas:

Structural Specifications:

• Concrete Grade: Minimum M20 or higher as per design needs.
• Reinforcement: In line with IS 456, designed to resist bending and shear.
• Well Filling: Use high-strength concrete for monolith integrity.
• Waterproofing: Critical in tidal and marine zones (ref. Clause 2.738).

Components Summary:

flowchart TD
    A[Monolith] --> B[Outer Shell (RCC/Masonry)]
    A --> C[Open Wells]
    C --> D[Concrete Filled]

Construction and Material Guidelines from IS 7314 Context

While IS 7314 mainly provides terminology and references, typical marine construction and material practices include:

Construction Approaches:

• Use of cofferdams for dry working below water.
• Employ caissons as foundation elements.
• Use precast concrete units for efficient assembly.
• Account for tidal zones (Clause 2.738) and wind waves (Clause 2.737) to ensure structural stability.

Material Requirements:

• Marine-grade concrete with:
  • Adequate cement content and low water-cement ratio.
  • Admixtures for improved durability against chloride attack.
• Corrosion-resistant reinforcement such as epoxy-coated or stainless steel bars.
• Aggregates resistant to abrasion and chemical degradation.

Typical Material Specifications:

Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262):

[ \text{Water-cement ratio} \leq 0.45 \quad \text{(marine exposure)} ]

[ \text{Slump} = 50-100 , mm \quad \text{(workability)} ]

flowchart TD
    A[Site Preparation] --> B[Cofferdam Construction]
    B --> C[Excavation & Foundation]
    C --> D[Caisson Placement]
    D --> E[Concrete Pouring]
    E --> F[Reinforcement Installation]
    F --> G[Curing & Finishing]

Summary: Emphasize durable materials and adapted construction methods for tidal and wave conditions, following IS 456, IS 383, IS 1786, and IS 9103.

IS 7314 mentions various breakwater types but does not explicitly provide design formulas within its clauses. Below is a synthesized overview based on standard design principles consistent with IS codes:

Breakwater Types:

• Mound Breakwaters (Clause 2.418)
• Floating Breakwaters (Clause 2.262)
• Vertical Wall Breakwaters (Clause 2.678)
• Pneumatic Breakwaters (Clause 2.471)

Design Parameters for Mound and Vertical Wall Breakwaters:

Hudson’s Formula for Armor Unit Weight:

[ W = \frac{\gamma_r H^3}{K_D (\gamma_r - \gamma_w)^3 \cot \alpha} ]

Where:

• (W): armor unit weight (kN)
• (\gamma_r): unit weight of rock (kN/m³)
• (\gamma_w): unit weight of water (~9.81 kN/m³)
• (H): design wave height (m)
• (K_D): stability coefficient
• (\alpha): slope angle

Mound Breakwater Cross-section:

graph TD
    A[Water] -->|Wave Force| B[Armor Layer (Large Stones)]
    B --> C[Underlayer (Smaller Stones)]
    C --> D[Core (Low Permeability Material)]
    D --> E[Foundation Soil]

Notes:

• Floating breakwaters are designed considering wave transmission and mooring loads.
• Pneumatic breakwaters use compressed air for wave energy dissipation.

IS 7314 Overview on Dock Structures

• Wet Dock (Clauses 2.208 & 2.727): Enclosed water area maintaining a constant water level to keep vessels afloat, independent of tides.

• Dry Dock (Clause 2.206): Enclosure where water is drained for vessel maintenance.

Key Design Factors:

Basic Hydrostatic Pressure:

[ p = \rho g h ]

Where:

• (p) = pressure at depth (Pa)
• (\rho) = water density (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g) = gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
• (h) = water depth (m)

Typical Wall Thickness:

• Approximately 10% to 15% of dock height, designed to resist lateral pressures.

flowchart LR
    A[Wet Dock] --> B[Constant Water Level]
    A --> C[Impounded Water]
    D[Dry Dock] --> E[Water Drained]
    E --> F[Hull and Keel Maintenance]

Refer to IS 7314 clauses for detailed load and material requirements.

Key Points on Sediment and Littoral Drift Control per IS 7314

Definitions (Clauses):

• Drift, Littoral (2.225): Sediment transported by waves and currents along the shore.
• Littoral Deposits (2.372): Accumulated sediment from littoral drift.
• Littoral Transport (2.373): Movement of sediment via wave-induced currents, including:
  • Longshore transport (parallel to shoreline)
  • On-offshore transport (perpendicular to shoreline)
• Down Drift (2.213): Direction of predominant sediment movement.

Important Formulas:

1. Longshore Sediment Transport Rate (Q): [ Q = K H_b^{2} \sin(2\theta) ]

Where:

• (Q): sediment transport rate (m³/s or tonnes/day)
• (K): empirical coefficient depending on sediment and wave conditions
• (H_b): breaker wave height (m)
• (\theta): angle of wave approach (degrees)

2. Sediment Budget Equation: [ \text{Net Sediment Change} = \text{Input} - \text{Output} ]

Used to evaluate erosion or accumulation zones.

Control Structures:

• Groynes to interrupt longshore drift and trap sediment.
• Breakwaters to reduce wave energy and encourage deposition.
• Beach nourishment by adding sediment.
• Vegetative stabilization to secure deposits.

Typical Sediment Transport Parameters:

flowchart LR
    Waves -->|Angle \(\theta\)| LittoralZone
    LittoralZone -->|Longshore Transport| DownDrift

IS 7314 Highlights on Seismic Sea Waves (Tsunamis)

Definitions (Clauses 2.544 & 2.660):

• Seismic Sea Wave (Tsunami): Long-period wave caused by submarine seismic activity or volcanic eruptions.
• Also referred to as tsunami; commonly misnamed as "tidal wave."

Design Implications:

• Tsunami forces are dynamic and long-period, requiring structures to withstand hydrodynamic and impact loads.
• Consider wave height, velocity, and run-up on coastal structures.
• Foundation stability must address scour and uplift forces.

Typical Parameters:

Structural Recommendations:

• Use ductile and robust materials.
• Provide sufficient freeboard above maximum tsunami run-up.
• Design for lateral forces from wave impact and debris.
• Incorporate drainage and erosion control.

Additional References:

• Cornick’s Dock and Harbour Engineering for tsunami force calculations.
• US Army Coastal Engineering Research Centre publications for wave load data.

flowchart LR
    A[Seismic Event] --> B[Underwater Disturbance]
    B --> C[Tsunami Wave Generation]
    C --> D[Wave Propagation]
    D --> E[Coastal Structure Impact]
    E --> F[Hydrodynamic Forces and Scour]
    F --> G[Structural Design Response]

For detailed design data, consult IS 7314 and related coastal engineering standards.

IS 7314 primarily defines terminology related to navigation and mooring but does not provide detailed formulas or tables.

Navigation Aids (Clause 2.422):

• Lighthouses, beacons, light signals, semaphores.
• Buoys (fixed and floating).
• Radar and radio communication systems.

Mooring Facilities:

• Design of mooring dolphins, bollards, and fenders.
• Mooring load calculations based on vessel size, wind, currents, and berth conditions.

Basic Mooring Load Calculation:

[ F_m = C_w \times A \times V^2 ]

Where:

• (F_m): mooring force (N)
• (C_w): wind pressure coefficient (0.5 to 1.2)
• (A): projected ship area above water (m²)
• (V): wind velocity (m/s)

Typical Mooring Equipment Capacities:

flowchart LR
    A[Navigational Aids] --> B(Lighthouses)
    A --> C(Buoys)
    A --> D(Radar)
    A --> E(Light Signals)
    F[Mooring Facilities] --> G(Bollards)
    F --> H(Fenders)
    F --> I(Mooring Dolphins)

For design details, see IS 4651 (Mooring Equipment) and IS 4652 (Port and Harbour Structures).

IS 7314 mainly offers terminology and has limited direct content on maintenance; however, general maintenance and inspection guidelines for marine structures are:

Inspection Frequency:

• Routine visual inspections monthly or quarterly.
• Detailed structural assessments annually or after severe events.

Inspection Focus:

• Structural integrity including cracks, corrosion, and spalling.
• Effects of marine growth and erosion.
• Condition of joints, bearings, and mooring equipment.
• Underwater inspections for scour and foundation stability.

Maintenance Activities:

• Cleaning marine growth.
• Repairing concrete and steel corrosion damage.
• Replacement of worn components.
• Application of protective coatings and cathodic protection.

Sample Inspection Checklist:

Corrosion Allowance Formula for Steel:

[ t_c = k \times t ]

Where:

• (t_c): corrosion allowance thickness
• (t): nominal thickness
• (k): corrosion rate factor (0.1 to 0.3 mm/year × design life)

flowchart TD
    A[Inspection Planning] --> B[Visual Inspection]
    B --> C{Condition Evaluation}
    C -->|Good| D[Routine Maintenance]
    C -->|Minor Issues| E[Repairs and Protection]
    C -->|Severe Damage| F[Structural Rehabilitation]
    E --> D

Safety and Environmental Highlights from IS 7314 and Engineering Practice

Safety:

• Structural design must include wind, wave, tidal, and seismic load combinations.
• Follow IS 1893 for seismic, IS 875 for wind load provisions.
• Use corrosion-resistant materials adapted to marine environments.
• Incorporate safe access routes and emergency evacuation planning.

Environmental:

• Zone Tidal defined as river areas influenced by tides (Clause 2.738).
• Use local meteorological and oceanographic data for wave and wind loads.
• Include pollution control measures such as oil spill containment and waste management.
• Aim to minimize impacts on marine ecosystems.

Wave Pressure Formula (from IS 4651):

[ P = 0.5 \rho g H^2 ]

Where

• (P): wave pressure (kN/m²)
• (\rho): water density (~1000 kg/m³)
• (g): gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s²)
• (H): wave height (m)

Environmental Zone Summary:

flowchart LR
    A[Environmental Zones] --> B[Zone Tidal]
    A --> C[Wind Wave Zone]
    B --> D[Tidal Range Effects]
    C --> E[Wave Loading]
    D --> F[Load Adjustments]
    E --> F

Refer to IS 4651, IS 875, IS 1893 for detailed safety and environmental criteria alongside IS 7314.

Bibliographic Overview of IS 7314

This standard cites key publications for port and harbour engineering, promoting alignment between international and Indian standards.

Principal References:

• Cornick, H.F.: Dock and Harbour Engineering (Charles Griffin & Co Ltd)
• Glossary of Coastal Engineering Terms by Richard H. Allen, US Army Corps of Engineers
• Illustrated Technical Dictionary, Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses
• Duplat-Taylor, F.M.: Design, Construction and Maintenance of Docks, Wharves and Piers
• Rene de Kerchove: International Marine Dictionary

Indian Standards Institution (ISI) Resources:

• Over 7,500 standards covering civil engineering disciplines including concrete, reinforcement, structural design, soil, timber, and waterproofing.
• Regular bulletins and handbooks for updates.

Notes:

• Clause 2.738 defines Zone Tidal as river sections influenced by tides.
• Emphasizes harmonization with global port engineering standards.

ISI Civil Engineering Group Publications:

flowchart LR
    A[IS 7314] --> B[Key References]
    B --> C[Cornick - Dock & Harbour Engineering]
    B --> D[US Army Coastal Engineering Glossary]
    B --> E[Illustrated Technical Dictionary]
    B --> F[Duplat-Taylor - Docks & Piers]
    B --> G[International Marine Dictionary]
    A --> H[Indian Standards Institution]
    H --> I[Concrete, Structural, Soil, Timber, Water Supply Standards]

Consult cited IS codes and reference texts for detailed design formulas and tables.