Ceramic Tiles - Methods of the test, Sampling and Basis of Acceptance, Part 12: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion - Unglazed tiles (see IS 13630: Parts 1 to 15)
2006 Edition

Scope Overview - IS 13630 Part 12

• Measuring Device Accuracy: Instruments must measure with a precision of 0.1 mm (Clause 5.2).
• Sample Specifications: Refer to supporting parts of IS 13630 for specimen details.
• Rounding Protocol: Apply rounding following IS 2:1960, maintaining significant figures consistent with the standard.
• Required Test Report Details:
  • Description of the tile
  • Chord length rounded to nearest 0.5 mm
  • Volume of each groove (in mm93)
  • Mean volume (V_m) (in mm93)

Table of Equivalent Values (Clause 8.2):

(Refer to full table for intermediate values.)

Notes:

• The chord length corresponds to the straight-line distance across the groove (see Fig. 2 in the standard).
• Volume (V) represents the groove's material loss in cubic millimeters.
• This table is used to convert chord length measurements into volume values for evaluation purposes.

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Groove Chord Length] --> B[Round to nearest 0.5 mm]
    B --> C[Consult Table for Volume Correspondence]
    C --> D[Compute Average Volume (V_m)]
    D --> E[Compile Test Report]

This section ensures accurate measurement techniques and reporting standards for abrasion groove volume determination.

References and Key Data - IS 13630 Part 12

1. Test Report Essentials (Clause 8.2):

• Tile identification
• Chord length (l) rounded to nearest 0.5 mm
• Volume (V) of each abrasion groove (mm93)
• Average volume (V_m) (mm93)

2. Definition of Chord Length (Fig. 2):

• The chord length (l) is the linear distance spanning the abrasion groove.

3. Table 1: Volume vs Chord Length (Clause 8.2):

(Refer to the complete table for further values)

4. Measuring Equipment Requirements (Clause 5.2):

• Employ measuring gauges with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.

Overview Diagram for Volume Determination:

flowchart TD
    A[Groove on Tile] --> B[Measure Chord Length (l)]
    B --> C[Reference Table for Volume (V)]
    C --> D[Compute Average Volume (V_m)]
    D --> E[Document Test Findings]

Notes:

• Volume figures correspond to groove size aiding in quality assessment.
• Use of BIS materials is permitted only as per copyright guidelines for implementation.

Refer to the full IS 13630 Part 12:2006 document for comprehensive details and updates.

Definitions and Measurement Parameters - IS 13630 Part 12

• Chord Length (l): The direct linear span across a groove on the tile, measured to the nearest 0.5 mm.
• Volume (V): The cubic millimeter measurement of the material lost in a single abrasion groove.
• Average Volume (V_m): The mean volume value computed over multiple grooves.

Measurement Protocol (Clause 8.2):

• Use a measuring instrument with 0.1 mm precision (Clause 5.2).
• The test report must detail:
  • Tile characteristics
  • Chord lengths
  • Individual groove volumes
  • Average volume value

Table 1: Correlation of Chord Length and Volume (Excerpt)

Volume increments are non-linear with respect to chord length.

Measurement Flowchart:

flowchart LR
    A[Tile Surface] --> B[Groove Formation]
    B --> C[Measure Chord Length (l)]
    B --> D[Calculate Volume (V)]
    D --> E[Determine Average Volume (V_m)]

Use Table 1 for converting chord values into volume for reporting and quality control.

Details on Abrasive Media - IS 13630 Part 12

• Material Standards:

  • Silicon carbide conforming to IS 11643:1985 for bonded abrasives.
  • White fused aluminum oxide with grain size matching Grit No. 80 as per Table 1 of IS 11643.

• Test Equipment (Fig. 1):

  • Rotating disc made from Fe 410-S steel (IS 2062).
  • Disc diameter: 200 ± 0.2 mm, thickness: 10 ± 0.1 mm.
  • Rotation speed set at 75 revolutions per minute.
  • Pressure calibrated using Austrian Standard Granite to produce a 32 mm chord length abrasion after 300 rotations.

• Assembly Components:

  1. Clamp for holding test specimen
  2. Fixing screw
  3. Specimen under test
  4. Hopper for abrasive feed
  5. Even-flow funnel for uniform abrasive distribution
  6. Counterweight to apply calibrated pressure

Calibration Notes:

• Pressure is adjusted to ensure that the abrasion groove reaches 32 mm chord length after 300 revolutions, ensuring repeatability.

Grain Size Reference (IS 11643 Table 1 for Grit No. 80):

flowchart LR
    A[Test Specimen] -->|Pressed against| B[Steel Disc (Fe 410-S)]
    B -->|Rotates at 75 rpm| C[Abrasive Material Flow]
    C --> D[Storage Hopper] --> E[Even-Flow Funnel]
    A --> F[Test Specimen Clamp]
    F --> G[Fixing Screw]
    C --> H[Counterweight]

This configuration guarantees consistent abrasion testing using standardized abrasive grains and apparatus dimensions.

Test Apparatus Specifications - IS 13630 Part 12

• Measuring Gauge (Clause 5.2): Precision of 0.1 mm.

• Rotating Steel Disc (Clause 5.1.1):

  • Material: Fe 410-S steel as per IS 2062.
  • Diameter: 200 ± 0.2 mm.
  • Edge thickness: 10 ± 0.1 mm.
  • Speed: 75 revolutions per minute.

• Pressure Calibration: Adjusted such that after 300 revolutions, the wear chord on the test sample measures 32 mm when tested with Austrian Standard Granite.

• Apparatus Elements (Fig. 1):

  1. Clamp for test specimen
  2. Screw for fixing
  3. Test specimen
  4. Abrasive storage hopper
  5. Uniform flow funnel
  6. Counterweight

• Specimen Preparation (Clause 6.2): Specimens must be clean and dry before testing.

Summary Table

flowchart LR
    A[Storage Hopper] --> B[Even-Flow Funnel]
    B --> C[Abrasive Material on Disc]
    C --> D[Rotating Steel Disc (Fe 410-S)]
    D --> E[Test Specimen]
    E --> F[Clamp and Fixing Screw]
    F --> G[Counterweight]

This arrangement ensures controlled abrasion testing with reproducible force and wear measurement.

Guidelines for Test Specimens - IS 13630 Part 12

• Measuring Instrument (Clause 5.2): Use devices with 0.1 mm measurement accuracy.

• Specimen Types (Clause 6.1):

  • Testing can be conducted on entire tiles or appropriately sized specimens.
  • Smaller specimens should be bonded with adhesive to a larger backing to avoid joint influence in the test area.

• Conditioning (Clause 6.2): Samples must be clean and free of moisture prior to testing.

• Sample Quantity (Clause 6.3): A minimum of five specimens is required for statistically meaningful results.

Specification Table

These provisions guarantee consistent and reproducible test conditions as prescribed by the standard.

Execution Steps for Abrasion Testing - IS 13630 Part 12

• Measuring Device Accuracy (Clause 5.2): Employ devices capable of 0.1 mm precision.

• Specimen Preparation (Clause 6):

  • Ensure specimens are clean and dry (6.2).
  • Test at least 5 specimens for dependable outcomes (6.3).

• Rounding Off: Final results must be rounded as per IS 2:1960, preserving the number of significant digits consistent with the standard's specified values.

Summary Table

flowchart TD
    A[Initiate Test] --> B[Prepare Specimens]
    B --> C{Are specimens clean & dry?}
    C -- Yes --> D[Measure with 0.1 mm Gauge]
    C -- No --> B
    D --> E[Test minimum 5 specimens]
    E --> F[Calculate Results]
    F --> G[Apply Rounding per IS 2:1960]
    G --> H[Document Final Results]

This procedure maintains accuracy and standardization in test outcomes.

Guidelines for Result Expression - IS 13630 Part 12

1. Rounding Protocol:

   • Apply rounding based on IS 2:1960 rules.
   • Maintain the same number of significant digits as indicated in the standard.

2. Measuring Device:

   • Use gauges with 0.1 mm precision (Clause 5.2).

3. Test Report Components (Clause 8.2):

   • Tile description
   • Chord length, rounded to nearest 0.5 mm
   • Volume (V) for each groove (in mm93)
   • Average volume (V_m) (in mm93)

4. Volume Conversion Table (Table 1, Clause 8.2):

   • Provides volume values corresponding to measured chord lengths.

5. Consideration for Relief Surfaces (Clause 7.3):
   • Protruding reliefs may be removed if interfering with abrasion testing, but results will differ from smooth-surfaced tiles.

Volume Calculation Summary:

Refer to Table 1 to translate the measured chord length (l) into volume (V) in mm93.

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Chord Length (l)] --> B[Round to nearest 0.5 mm]
    B --> C[Lookup Volume (V) in Table 1]
    C --> D[Record Volume (V) in mm93]
    D --> E[Calculate Average Volume (V_m)]
    E --> F[Prepare and Submit Test Report]

All measurements and reporting shall adhere to IS 2:1960 rounding conventions to ensure consistency and comparability.

Acceptance Guidelines - IS 13630 Part 12

Test Report Requirements (Clause 8.2):

• Tile details
• Chord length (l) for each groove, measured to nearest 0.5 mm
• Volume (V) of each groove (in mm93)
• Average volume (V_m) (in mm93)

Measuring Instrument

• Gauge with precision to 0.1 mm (Clause 5.2)

Volume vs Chord Length Reference (Table 1)

(Consult full table for intermediate values)

Application

• Measure the chord lengths of abrasion grooves.
• Convert chord lengths to volume values using Table 1.
• Determine average groove volume (V_m) to decide acceptance.

flowchart TD
    A[Measure Chord Length (l)] --> B[Find Corresponding Volume (V)]
    B --> C[Compute Average Volume (V_m)]
    C --> D{Does V_m meet acceptance threshold?}
    D -- Yes --> E[Accept Tile Batch]
    D -- No --> F[Reject Tile Batch]

This approach ensures quality control by linking abrasion groove dimensions to acceptance benchmarks.

Sampling Procedures - IS 13630 Part 12

• Reference Standard: Sampling follows the guidelines of ISO 10545-1:1995 concerning ceramic tile sampling and acceptance.

• Rounding Policy: All results must be rounded as per IS 2:1960, preserving the number of significant digits consistent with test values.

• Sampling & Acceptance: Detailed procedures are elaborated in IS 13711:1993, integrated now into Part 15 of IS 13630.

• Measuring Device: Utilize gauges with 0.1 mm accuracy (Clause 5.2).

• Specimen Selection: Samples should represent the batch and be prepared according to Clause 6.

Typical Sampling Plan (from IS 13711 / ISO 10545-1):

• n: Number of samples extracted from the batch.
• Ac: Maximum permissible defective samples to accept the lot.
• Re: Minimum defective samples for rejection.

Sampling and Acceptance Flowchart

flowchart TD
    A[Select Batch] --> B[Random Sampling of Test Specimens]
    B --> C[Test Specimens Using 0.1 mm Gauge]
    C --> D{Defective Samples ≤ Ac?}
    D -- Yes --> E[Approve Batch]
    D -- No --> F[Reject Batch]

This framework ensures that sampling complies with IS 13630 Part 12 requirements for reliable quality evaluation.